UNIX family and class UNIX system in 1969, in
AT & T
Bell Labs, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (they used to be a large operating system
Multics's two developers, Multics is too large, and there is no success) for an experimental plan called space tourism, requiring an operating system. They found an idle PDP-7 machine, wrote a Multics's adaptency, officially released in 1971. This stuff is later unix the world. Multics - Unix, do you see what is it?
In 1973, Dennis Ritchie renovated a UNIX in the C language he was developed, and laid the foundation of UNIX universalization. In 1976, they scattered the sixth edition of UNIX to places other than AT & T.
The UC Berkeley is based on UNIX 7.0, which published a system called BSD and developed to version 4.4 in 1992; and AT & T continued to improve their system, published commercial SYSTEM III until System V. The development of UNIX is expanded around the two mainstreams.
UNIX design goals are small and beautiful: I hope to be executed on any small system, and the core is only available to some features, others will be added as needed. This has become a design philosophy of an operating system. Many companies have their own UNIX versions, but their basic characteristics are consistent: openness, multi-user, multitasking, strong function, high efficiency, rich network function. In order to overcome the Division of Unix Version on Portability, 1990
ISO has developed ISO / IEC 9945-1-1990 standard, which is the entire portable operating system interface (
The first part of POSIX; the system application interface is POSIX.1. This is the interface standard of the Unix operating system.
BSD
Most of the BSD systems on the current X86 platform Based on Berkeley 4.4 BSD Lite, which is an incomplete system that is published after the code from AT & T. The most famous
FreeBSD (latest version
FreeBSD 5.2 [JAN-12-2004]), other
NetBSD (latest version
NetBSD 1.6.1 [APR-21-2003]),
OpenBSD (the latest version is
OpenBSD 3.4 [NOV-1-2003]) is free, you can download it in the appropriate official website.
Sun Solaris
Sun Microsystems Early operating system version of the SUN OS is BSD based. In 1993, they worked with AT & T to Unix System V, and released systems called Solaris.System V Release 4, which is a Unix System V and BSD integrals. The Solaris system is mainly used on Sun's own SPARC machine, but they also released the corresponding X86 version and free. Latest test version
Software Express for Solaris (12/03) [DEC -? - 2003] In the official website
download.
SCO UNIX
Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) company UNIX mainly has two sets. On the one hand, in 1980,
Microsoft began to develop UNIX PC version Xenix, and later sold to SCO. On this basis, SCO continues to introduce AT & T technology, and later developed into the SCO Open Server series. At present, there are many of our banks, postal systems, and the latest version is SCO Open Server 5.0.7 [FEB-21-2003]. On the other hand, in 1993, AT & T put their entire team of UNIX, including copyright sales.
NOWELL has unixware. In 1995, NOWELL sold this set of Dongdong to SCO, so that SCO became the unix of the unix. The SCO integrates its own technology and released Unixware 7, followed by Caldera M & A. Caldera's sign is not enough, and it is replaced by SCO. Unixware latest version is
Unixware 7.1.3 [NOV-21-2002]. These
You can find the download on the ED.
Darwin
Darwin is
Apple's Macintosh computer operating system Mac OS X's kernel, the first version of 1999. It is based on FreeBSD and
Mach 3.0 technology, both are open source. Apple also adopts the open source policy to Darwin, making the release to make people free download, including X86 versions. The latest version is
Darwin 7.0.1 [NOV-14-2003]
The official website is free to download. Note that Darwin is not Mac OS X, less beautiful Aqua user interface. There are currently some versions of free GUI, such as
Gnu-darwin.
Minix
Due to copyright issues, UNIX's source code is no longer suitable for teaching. In 1987, the famous Dutch computer scientist Andrew Tanenbaum has written a simplified UNIX system Minix (MINI-UNIX mean) to learn from the entry. The latest version is
Minix 2.0.4 [NOV-9-2003], you can go
Official website free
download.
Linux
In 1991, Finnish Students LINUS Torvalds started using Minix, the features provided by MiniX were dissatisfied. So he wrote a class UNIX operating system (although it is still compiled with Minix) and put it online to let people download, name it
Linux. Linux just appeared in Tanenbaum despised because it is an integrated kernel, not MiniX's microennel adopted by the representative of advanced ideas; but due to follow
The GPL protocol, Linux is still booming. 1994, Linux's first commercial release
Slackware came out. 1996,
NIST's computer system laboratory confirms that the Linux 1.2.13 version is in line with the POSIX standard. The latest stability of Linux's core is
Linux 2.6.1 [JAN-9-2004], can go to the official website
download. And its distribution is all, well-known
Red Hat,
Mandrake,
Lycoris, etc.
Red flag, etc., the corresponding official website can find these releases.
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DOS and its successor
DOS
The full name of DOS is Disk Operation System. In 1973, the technical genius Cary Killdal and two partners have developed the first disk operating system CP / M, which is the most influential 8-bit operating system in the early 1980s. On this basis, the Tim Patterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) has started to develop QDos in 1978. Since then, the 16-bit microcomputer experimental operating system 86-DOS has been successfully developed. in 1980,
IBM company launches new model IBM PC, adopted
Intel 8086 CPU requires a 16-bit operating system. They and Killdal discussed the CP / M operating system uncomfortable, so Microsoft organically multiplied. Time is urgent, if Microsoft is unrealistic, if it is unrealistic, find the right to use the SCP to buy DOS. Finally, MS-DOS defeated CP / M, in 1981, which speps the MS-DOS 1.0 and IBM PC prepared in half a year at the IT interface, but its compatibility is still suspected in the industry. In 1987, MS-DOS 3.3 was released, and its popularization established the dominant status of MS-DOS. The final version of MS-DOS is
MS-DOS 6.22 [May-31-1994], this is a fairly mature system. Later DOS integrated into Windows 9x, you can see its shadow in Windows command line mode. After Microsoft gradually alienates DOS, IBM continues to develop its own PC-DOS, the last version is
PC-DOS 2000 [May-29-1998].
In addition, some people developed to be compatible with MS-DOS, such as FREEDOS. It uses the development of 1988
The DOS-C kernel, the latest version is
FREEDOS Beta9 Pre-Release 3 [SEP-28-2003]
Official website free
download.
Windows
1970, USA
Xerox has established a famous research institute Palo Alto Research Center. One of the founders of Apple, Steve Jobs visited the research center, I saw the ALTO prototype that supported the GRAPHICAL User Interfaces and the three-way mouse, which sets their own GUI system research and development. In 1983, the first GUI system Apple Lisa has been developed. The second year's Apple Macintosh is the world's first successful commercial GUI system. At that time, Apple only developed the GUI system on the microcomputer, so I provided opportunities for Microsoft Development Windows.
Microsoft announced the development of Windows in the spring of 1983, hoping that it is a standard GUI operating system based on Intel X86 micro-processing chip computers. Due to various reasons, Windows's delivery time is postponed, and it has become a laughter. Until November 20, 1985, window system Windows 1.0 that can be implemented at the same time can be officially launched.
The monopoly of Microsoft in the operating system was launched in May 1990. WINDOWS 3.0. A more stable Windows 3.1 was a year later. In May 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT, mainly for the network and server market. The new generation of operating systems in August 1995 is the first version that does not require users to pre-installed MS-DOS. This is a milestone in the history of Microsoft development, and a milestone in the history of operating system development.
The last Windows based on the Windows 9X kernel is
Windows Millennium Edition [SEP-14-2000], the latest version of Windows based on the Windows NT kernel is the latest version of WINDOWS NT
Windows Server 2003 [APR-14-2003], and next-generation products Windows Longhorn. OS / 2
Early OS / 2 derived from multitasking DOS version, Microsoft began researching multitasking DOS versions in 1983. However, due to the problem of 80286 CPU design, OS / 2 cannot support DOS programs from 286 protection mode. This problem is almost made OS / 2 fetal dead belly, and then the study of OS / 2 has been relatively slow. This system has also been known for a few degrees until April 1987 is OS / 2. In 1991, Microsoft announced the research and development of OS / 2 due to its huge success in Windows. OS / 2 2.0 is therefore extended, despite the performance of performance, the sales volume is still not as good as Windows 3.1, the light of OS / 2 has been masked by Windows. In 1996, IBM released OS / 2 WARP 4, and then announced not to continue to develop.
OS / 2 enthusiasts are unwilling to see such a good operating system disappeared, after a hard work,
Serenity Systems has achieved IBM's authorization to continue to develop OS / 2, and new products are named
ECOMSTATION. The latest version is
ECOMSTATION 1.1 [May-23-2003], download can be found on the ED.
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Other commercial operating systems
NetWare
In 1981, the boss of the hardware company Novell Data Systems saw the three college graduates played a game called "snipe" played by the college. It is the same game played on different machines. Today is a online game. His keen business mind allowed him to hire these three people immediately, developed a system called NetWare to achieve information between different machine information. At that time, there were also similar actions, and Novell's success benefited from their product and IBM PC. NetWare has been brilliant in the 1980s, and now is now under the Windows NT Server series in the downhill road. The latest version is to match some open source software
NetWare 6.5 [AUG-15-2003], there is downloaded on the ED.
BEOS
Beos first appeared in the 1996 computer show, it was created by some departing Apple engineers based on the "media operating system" design concept, and was then transplanted to the X86 platform. Due to the operation of the operation, Beos announced the development of BEOS. In 2001, the BEOS development team was acquired by Palm, the official version of BeOS was over, and the final release was a 2000 BEOS 5, including commercial Pro version and free Personal version.
After that, many people made a free development version based on the BEOS 5 Personal Edition, such as
Beos max edition,
Beos Developer Edition, you can go to the corresponding official website to download. The BEOS 5.1 in the development of the development is called DANO to flow online.
YELLOWTAB also issued a subsequent version of BEOS on this basis
Zeta 1.0 RC-1 [NOV-3-2003]. Also there is a fan of enthusiasts
Openbeos, trying to write and bes similar to the BEOS.
QNX
Two Canadian Gordon Bell and Dan Dodge have established Quantum Software Systems in 1980, which is based on some of the university's idea to write an Qunix (Quick UNIX) system that is running on the IBM PC until AT & T The lawyer's letter changed the name to QNX. QNX has successfully implemented multitasking in the officially released version 1.0, and the Middle-year MICROSOFT annually announced that their new version of DOS will be the true multitasking system, QNX has been opened in major companies. . After POSIX appears, the QNX has been rewritten, on the one hand, avoiding the embarrassment of being accused of user interface and Unix, on the other hand, has made some improvements while maintaining characteristics, making it better. In order to compete with Microsoft, the company named QNX Software Systems has also launched NEUTRINO versions based on micro-kernel technology, which makes QNX have broad prospects in embedded applications. QNX's latest version is
Qnx Neutrino RTOS VERSION 6.2.1 [APR-7-2003], domestic
Official website has non-commercial version
download.
B-RIGHT / V
B-Right / V is based on
TRON's architecture operating system. In 1984, the relevant departments of Japan officially launched TRON projects to meet the needs of real-time processing capabilities in computers. Btron is a sub-structure in Tron's interactive interaction, which involves design specifications for multi-tasking real-time operating systems related to Personal Computers, Workstations, and Handheld Computer. The earliest Btron concept-based machine was posted in 1985.
Personal Media issued a 16-bit operating system 1B / V1, 1998, who was running on the X86 platform, issued 32-bit B-Right / V. The latest version of this series is
B-Right / V R4.101 [JAN-7-2004], also known as
Super Chinese characters 4.
Plan9 & Inferno
PLAN 9 and Inferno These two operating systems are from UNIX's hometown Bell Labs, currently
Vita Nuova is responsible for issuing. Bell Labs saw a fundamental defect in Unix, it was difficult to adapt to the new idea that appeared after it was born, and the PLAN 9 was started in the late 1980s. Such a system has many innovations for distributed applications while absorbing the strengths of UNIX design ideas. PLAN 9 is issued for the first time in 1993, still mainly used for research purposes, the latest version is
Plan 9 Four Edition [APR-27-2002]
Official website free
download. Inferno is the distributed operating system developed in the late 1990s. It is different from PLAN 9 that it can not only operate independently, but also act as an application to run on many other platforms. Inferno is a commercial software, the latest version is
Inferno 4th Edition [JUN-14-2003].
TSX-32
TSX-32 is a historic operating system, 1975
S & H Computer Systems have developed multi-user and multitasking TSX operating systems for PDP-11 machines; it is updated to TSX-Plus several years. In 1989, the 32-bit version of TSX-32 began to support the X86 platform, and now it is
TSX-32 Version 6.30 [JUN -? - 2003], S & H provides its trial version
download.
Theos
Since 1977
Theos Software Developed by Theos is one of the earliest multi-task operating systems on your computer, the latest version
Theos Corona 5.0140 [APR-18-2003]
Download, but you need to authorize the code before installation. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------
Operating system as a hobby
These operating systems are completed by a group of people or several individuals using spare time, but this does not mean that they are amateur. Most of them are free, but they do not have an open source.
Amigaos simulator
Amigaos itself is running
Amiga machine, currently uses such models. There are a lot of Amiga simulators on the X86 platform, from Germany.
Haage & Partner Computer GmbH
AmigaOS XL is one of the successful, and can be run separately from other operating systems, compatible with AmigaOS 3.9. It is divided into two kinds of Amithlon and Amigaxl for QNX, installation methods and performance varying; unfortunately, the original author has announced no longer developing its subsequent versions.
In 1993, when Amiga was first showed, some of its lovers established AOS projects, intended to fix the 疵 in Amigaos, enhanced people's recognition to it; in 1995, Aaron Digul was officially prepared by AROS. To today, AROS, which is compatible with Amigaos 3.1 has been able to run in many models including X86 platforms. AROS has a new trial version almost every day, and the nearest stable version is
AROS [NOV-25-2003],
Official website has
download.
Skyos
Skyos is the most eye-catching one in the 2003 similar operating system. It has a multi-processor support, virtual memory, multitasking multi-threaded, and more refreshing a beautiful GUI system SkyGi. The first SKYOS system was released at the end of 1997, the latest
Skyos V4.0A [AUG-19-2003]
Official website
download. Its two major developers Robert Szeleney and Kelly Rush were born in 1980 and 1981, respectively.
Syllable
Syllable is initiated by some Atheos developers in June 2002, which is the continuation of Atheos. Atheos is a X86-based operating system written by Kurt Skauen, its interface is a bit like Beos and Amigaos. After the development of the ATHEO, most third-party developers turned to Syllable. Syllable has become a relatively mature open source desktop system, the latest version is
Syllable 0.5.2 [JAN-3-2004]
Official website
download.
Reactos
In 1996, a team called Freewin95 tried to break Microsoft's monopoly and wrote a replica of Windows 95. After several twists, 1998 this project was officially launched by Jason Filby, renamed Reactos, and the target also changed to analog Windows NT system. The latest version is
Reactos 0.1.5 [NOV-20-2003]
Official website
download.
Menuetos
Menuetos is a 32-bit operating system developed by the UK Software Engineer Ville Mikael Turjanma, completely written by X86 assembly language in 2000. The latest version is
Menuetos 0.75 [NOV-13-2003]
Official website
download. Since all assembly languages are all used, although Menuetos is only used on a floppy disk, there is still a very complete function.
Triangleos
Triangleos is a 32-bit operating system written by C and compilation in October 2001 by 18-year-old Dutch WIM Cools with C and compilation. In its
The official website has the latest
Triangleos 0.0.3 [APR-30-2003]
Download, installed on the floppy disk.
Visopsys
Visopsys are developed by Canadian Andrew McLaughlin, with unique GUI, open source. Newest
Visopsys 0.33 [JAN-11-2004]
Official website
download.
Storm OS
Storm OS is developed by Lithuania in 2002, with a simple GUI, installed on a floppy disk. The latest version is
Storm OS 0.14A [DEC-03-2003]
Official website
download.
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Operating system in the laboratory
These systems are developed by laboratory in colleges, such as Germany
DROPS, etc., no longer given one by one.
