Computer history

1, computer initiator

From August 1980, in August 1981, in the whole year, Esterci leads the "Chess" Project Plan 13 teams to fight. "At that time, there were few people to understand that this group of people will soon rewrive the history of the world." Clarion, Virgin President of Intel China) It is said that IBM has gradually reached 450 people from various development of the PC. Intel also forms a "Special Customer Department" to supply high quality chips for the PC. According to the agreement, Microsoft should provide a PC to provide a series of computer language software including Basic. However, the future PC computer, the most needed software is the operating system, so Bill Gates introduces the representative of IBM to another to develop a CP / M operating system software known as DR digital research company. The next thing happened, there was a dramatic plot, and the designer of the CP / M operating system software did not live at home, and his wife did not want to sign a paper on the confidentiality agreement, and the victims of the victory and the DR company lost the arm. The representative of IBM has to drop the turn, and I still invite Microsoft to help solve the problem of the operating system. Bill Gates urgently, I remembered the Software genius of Seattle Computer, which has already written a QDoS software for Intel's 16-bit chip, just as a PC operating system. QDoS is "fast and rough operating system", Microsoft purchases the copyright of this software at a low price, just at that time, the "DOC Father" did not know the relationship. The 1980 Thanksgiving Day has just passed, the "Chess" engineering team puts the highest secret of IBM's highest secret - two PC computer, from Miami to Seattle. With the highly confidential conditions, Bill Gates led Microsoft's software team to write programs for PC computers. In addition to caught 40,000 program code for the four computer languages ​​of Basic, Cobol, Fortran, and Pascal, but also to transform QDoS to the MS-DOS operating system suitable for the PC. Since then, Microsoft and IBM's technicians continue to fly by plane, flying over the United States, two cities from the United States, exchange information. Microsoft's engineers must also keep themselves in a secret room, overtime, sweating day and night. Bill Gates' hiring programming masters, enabling people who participated in the PC software engineering to 70 people. Until June 1981, Patters also joined Microsoft and immediately participated in the development of MS-DOS. After repeated modification and commissioning, this far-resecred software was finally completed. The time of the year is changed. On August 12, 1981, IBM announced in New York City: The IBM PC is open, indicating that human society has entered the new era of personal computers. It should be said that this is made by Intel's microprocessor chip, Microsoft, and IBM mainly designs a common work of computer systems. The most important feature of the IBM PC is its openness. Esterch's representative design department announced that they will open all technical documents and sincerely welcome their peers to join the development of personal computers. So, the electronic computer manufacturers around the world, struggling to transfer the production of PCs, and the product patterned is the IBM PC compatible machine. Soon, IBM PC has become a personal computer "factual standard". In order to promote this computer for personal use, IBM has cleverly with the image of Chaplin's small tramp, the head of the garden is high, wearing the lanterns, funny lovely on TV, dancing in the TV, dancing in hand Practical computers, express people can be used. "Wall Street Journal" commented: IBM stepped into the microcomputer market, and the blue giants are expected to win the leadership of this emerging market within two years.

Sure enough, in 1982, the IBM PC has sold 250,000 units, and the speed of 20,000 units per month is close to "Apple". On May 8, 1983, IBM has introduced an improved IBM PC / XT personal computer, increasing the hard disk device, which makes the market share of more than 76%. On August 14, 1984, IBM was a "advanced technology" IBM PC / AT to the user's arms. The AT machine uses Intel's later developed 80286 microprocessor chip that manages up to 16M memory and can perform multiple tasks at the same time. Since then, the personal computer starts the so-called 286, 386, 486 ... The relay racing run. In 1982, the famous "Time" weekly week was written in the introduction of "News People": "In the news, this most attractive topic, it represents a process, a continuous Develop and have been widely accepted and welcomed. This is why "Age" chooses such a news in today's world, but this is not a character, but a machine. "This history is unprecedented" news The characters are a personal computer IBM PC.

Everyone knows that the computer's scientific name is called an electronic computer. The original intention of human inventions such as humans should be computing tools. The word "Calculus" in English comes from Latin, both of the "algorithm", and the meaning of "stone" in the kidney or gallbladder. Ancient people use stones to calculate the captured quarry, the stone is their computing tool. The famous scientific writer Asimov said that the earliest computing tool of mankind is a finger. The English word "Dight" means "finger" and "integer numbers"; and the Chinese ancients often use "knot" to help the note, "knot" Of course, you can also act as a calculation tool. Stones, fingers, ropes ... These are all "computers" used by the ancients. I don't know when people don't think of the "chips" to improve the tools, which are most famous for China. The consolation of the surveillance of Shang Zhou, is actually a bamboo, wooden or bone stick. The ancients repeatedly put these sticks in the ground or plate, and the words were calculated by movement, and the word "operation" was calculated, and the term "raised" was sent later. The ancestors of the ancient Chinese scientists have first calculated the sixth place after the percentage decimal point, and the tools used are constructed. This result is not easy to ask for use. The calculation of Europeans invented the same as China, and their consolidation is based on the principle of "Plathate Multiplication". For example, to calculate 1248 × 456, you can draw a rectangle first, then divide it into 3 × 2 small lattice, write down the multiplier, multiplied by the number, and then use the diagonal line to put the small lattice One is divided into two, the number of ten digits and the number of digits of the respective digits of the above digits are recorded. These products are added from right to left and along the slash direction, and finally the product is obtained. In 1617, the British mathematician Napier put the results in the lattice multiplication table, in the consolidation of some narrow strips, using constructed place to multiply, except or other operations. Napot is a long period of time, it is the main calculation tool for Europeans. Calculated in use, once complex computation is often complicated, people are inconvenient, so the Chinese have invented a new "computer." The famous writer Sherton has told a story in his novel "If you come tomorrow": Zhu Jeff sells a pocket computer to the dealer, saying it "The price is low, there is no failure, saving energy, no need for ten years maintenance". When a businessman opens a box, this "computer" is originally a abacus from China. The four major origins of world civilization - the Yellow River Basin, the Indian River Basin, the Nile River Basin, and the Jubi River Basin - there have been different forms of abacus, and only the Chinese bead calculatory has been in the past. The bead calculation may be the first to Germination in the Han Dynasty, and is set to the North and South Dynasties. It uses the number of carrying materials, by dialing calculation: the beads are five, the beads are taken as one, each gear can be used as a number. The plan must remember a set of mouth, the mouth is equivalent to the "software" of the abacus. The abacus itself can still store numbers, which is very convenient to help Chinese ancient mathematicians have achieved a lot of major scientific and technological achievements and have an important role in the history of human calculation tools. After the 15th century, with the development of astronomy, navigation, the calculation work is increasing, and the new calculation method is urgently needed to improve the calculation tool. In 1630, British mathematician Outres used the popular logarithm ruler to multiply, suddenly born with a thought: If you use two mutually sliding diameter tape sizes, do you save the length of the two-legged scale? ? His idea has led to the birth of "mechanized" calculating rules. Otred is theoretical mathematician. It is not intended to this little calibration, and it is not intended to make it spread. After twenty hundred years, his invention is not actually used. At the end of the 18th century, the first veritable calculation ruler was successfully produced in Watt, which was known as the invention of the evaporator.

Watt was originally a dashboard. After his steam engine factory, it is necessary to quickly calculate the power of the steam machine and the cylinder volume. Watt design calculation rule, there is a slight scale on the tip, used to "store" intermediate results, which has been used in the future. After 1850, the logarithmic calculation was rapidly developed, which became the "computer" that engineers must carry, until the 20th century, sixty years, it is still a sign of the identity of the engineering student. Early calculation tools that condensed many scientists and wisdom wisdoms, play a huge role in different historical stages, but will gradually die with scientific development, and finally complete their historical mission. 2. The first shirt of the first shirt is the real computer is a mechanical computer in the famous scientist Pascal. Pasca was born in a Mathematician family in France in France. He was three years old, pulled him up with his father. From a small, he shows the interested interest in scientific research. Juvenile Pasca sent his father to his father, he looked at the older father's effort to calculate the tax rate, and I really want to help do something, but I am afraid that my father is not relieved. As a result, future scientists think of a machine that can calculate the tax for the father. At the age of 19, he invented the first mechanical computer in human history. Pasca's computer is a device of a series of gears, an outer shape like a long box, and the key to the children's toy can be rotated, and only the addition and subtraction can be made. However, even if you only do just addition, there is also a "all-in-one" carry on the issue. Smart Pascal uses a small clawed ratchet device. When the positioning gear is rotated toward 9, the pawl gradually increases; once the gear turns to 0, the pawl falls to the "咔嚓", and the ten-digit gears are pushed forward. After the inventions of Pasca, 50 this computer called "Pascaefi", at least 5 stored now. For example, in the French Paris crafts school, the British London Science Museum can see the Pasca computer prototype. It is said that in China's Palace Museum, it also saves two copper replicas. It is a gift that foreigners give to Ciqi Qi Qi, "Old Buddha" knows its mystery, only regard it as a Western foreign toy, Hood in the deep palace. Pasca is a real genius, and he has built a tree in many fields. The description of him said that he is the founder of mathematician, physicist, philosopher, fluid dynamist and probability. Everyone who has learned a physics knows a "Pasca Law" about liquid pressure, this law is his great discovery and naming his name. He is even a writer, and its literary prose is very famous in France. Unfortunately, long-term difficult research has damaged his health, 1662, the earliest, only 39 years old. He left a famous saying: "People are like a fragile reed, but he is a thoughtful reed." The world "Thoughtful Reeds", especially the later people in the computer, will not forget Pasca in Light of light in Chaos. One programming language invented in 1971 --Pascal language, in order to commemorate the pioneer, the British name of Pasca long in the computer era. Shortly after Pasca died, with the western Rhine, the Rhine West, a handsome young man is picking the night reading. At dawn, the young people stood up and smashed the tired waist. The face revealed the smile of the heart, and a hazy imagination has been mature. Although in the inventive plug in Paska, he has not yet out, but this paper is a paper about the additional computer from Pasca, but it seems to be 醍醐 醍醐 顶, evoke strong inventions. He is a German math master, which is called "British Encyclopedia" called "One of the greatest people in Western civilization". Leibnitz. Leibniz has been bumpy in the early years.

When the god of luck came, he got an opportunity to make French. Pasca's hometown opened his arm to accept him, and creating an opportunity for him to achieve a computing machine. In Paris, he hired some famous mechanical experts and skillful skills to assist in work, finally produced a more perfect mechanical computer in 1674. The new computer invented by the Leibniz is about 1 meter, and a series of gear mechanisms are installed inside. In addition to the large size, the basic principles are inherited in Pasca. However, Leibnitz is high, he added a device called "step into the wheel". The step into the wheel is a long cylinder with 9 teeth, and 9 teeth are distributed over the cylindrical surface; and another pinion can be moved along the axial direction to engage the steward wheel again. Whenever the pinion rotates a circle, the step of rotation can rotate 1/10, 2/10 circle according to the number of teeth that mesh with the pinion, until the 9/10 lap, so that it can be repeated continuously Do addition. People who are familiar with computer programming know that continuous repetition calculation is the way to use the modern computer. Leibniz's computer, plus, minus, multiplication, except for the four operations, and also put the road from the road to the road. Soon, the design idea of ​​"binary" number is proposed for the computer due to the calculus of Northand, and the design of the "binary" number. Some people say that his thoughts come from Oriental China. About 1700 AD 1 day, the friend gave him a picture from China, name is "gossip", a "easy picture" painted by the Song Dynasty. Leibniz carefully observes every gravity of gossip with a magnifying glass, and found that they are all combined by two symbols of the yang (-) and yin (-). He scratched the 8 kinds of odds into the array, and suddenly sparking in his mind - this is not a very regular binary number? If the yang (-) is "1", the yin (-) is "0", and the gossip suites the binary 000 to 111 a total of 8 basic orders. It is under the innovative enlightenment of Chinese people, and Leibniz finally realized the true meaning of the number of binary. Although Leibniz is used by the computer or decimal, he takes the lead in the system to propose the algorithm of the binary number. Until today, the number of binary numbers still have a high-speed operation of modern computers. After the improvement of Leibniz, the Pasca's computer, people put them onto the motor to drive the machine, becoming the actually "electric computer", and has been used in the 1920s to exit the stage. Although the invention of Pasca and Leibniz is not a computer in a modern sense, they show the first essay of the human computer history. 3, "Weaving" program To allow the machine to listen to humans, according to human wishes, it is necessary to realize dialogue between people and machines, or to transmit human thinking to the machine, let the machine Automated execution. It is strange that the initiator of the people and the machine dialogue is not the predecessors developing a computer, but two French textile mechanics invented by the computer invented. They have invented a "procedure" working in command machine, and directly "injected" on the needle tip of the jacquard weaving machine. As the name suggests, the jacquard weaving machine has a jacquard device for lifting the yarn, which is a woven machine that can make the silk cloth out pattern pattern. It should be that Jacquard brakes appear in China. In the Tomb Items of the Warring States Times unearthed, there are many beautiful floods with a color silk woven. According to historical records, the Western Han Dynasty, the wife of the eclipse, the wife of Chen Baoguang, can master the operation technology of Jacquard, and her machine is equipped with 120 lines, with an average of 60 days to weave into a flower cloth, each worth 10,000 money. In the "Tiangong Opening" book, the "Tiangong Opening" is also printed, and a schematic diagram of a jacquard machine is also printed.

It can be imagined. When the European Wang Gong aristocrats have a beautiful satin from the "Silk Road", China's jacquard can also be in Europe along the Silk Road. However, weaving the woven pattern at the time. All silk cloth is woven with a wire (longitudinal line) and the weft (transverse line). To woven the pattern, the weaver must be carefully designed in advance, "mention" from a part of the wire in order to make the shuttle tract the weft pass. Of course, it is impossible to "think" to where to make a line, you can only rely on people 's hand "to", you will have another line, and you can repeat this operation. In 1725, French Textile Mechanics Bouch (Bouchon) suddenly thought of a wonderful idea of ​​"perforated paper strip". Buffo first tries to control all the warp movements with a row of knitted needles, then take a roll of paper, and put a row of small holes according to the pattern, and press it on the knitting needle. After starting the machine, you can wear the wiring of the wiring of the small hole, and the other needs are blocked by the paper strip. In this way, the knitting needle will automatically select the line according to the pre-design pattern, and the "thinking" of Bridge is "transmitted" to the knitting machine, and the "program" of the knit pattern is "stored" in the perforated paper strip. Bore. The real success improvement was 80 years later, another French mechanic J. Jacquard has completed the design and production of "automatic jacquard weaving machine" in 1805. That is a world-famous age-attacked the buses, overthrowing the feudal dynasty, armed defending Paris, citizens sing "Marseille", have embarked on the street, revolutionary storm is in full swing. Although Jakad has basically formed his jacquard design idea in 1790, in order to participate in the revolution, he has no time to invent, and also put it up to the gun, and devoted it to the row of defense warfare. Until the 19th century, Jamad's machine was assembled. Jamada added a device for his jacquard, which can simultaneously manipulate 1200 knitting needles, and the perforation paper belt of the control pattern is later replaced with a perforated card. It is said that only 25 years of Jakard woven machine, there are 600 units near the village near Chuandu, and the pattern on the perforated card is beautiful under the accompaniment near the vital vapor. Floral cloth. Textile workers initially strongly oppose this automated freshness, because the scared machine will grab their rice bowl, so that they lose their work, but because of its superior performance, it is finally universally accepted by people. In 1812, there were only 10,000 units only in France and spread through the Western world through the UK. Jakad has also been given honors Cross Medal and Gold Medal. The Jakad jacquard woven machine sounded the 19th century machine automation. In the "British Encyclopedia" and China published in London, "Jacquard" (Jacid) word under the entry of "Jacquard" (Jakad), English and Chinese meaning "Jacquard machine "It can be seen that the name of Jaffard has been integrated with Jacquard Machine. The principle of Jakadtihua machine, even when it comes to the computer era, there is still no greater change, and the handcuffs used in the street lane in the small workshop, the basic structure is still similar to the Jakardian fabric. In addition, Jakad woven machine "Thousands of holes" perforated card not only allows the machine to weave colorful patterns, but also means that the program controlling the germination, wearing paper strips and perforated cards are also widely used for early computers to store Programs and data. Perhaps, we now use the "program design" commonly known as "compilation", which will be the word "woven flower cloth" from the braided machine.

4, the failed hero is published in many computer books, which are published in Babery (C. Babbage): wide amount, narrow mouth, sharp eyes look a bit cynical, firm but not lack Humorous appearance gives people an image of a great idea. Barbech is a rich branch of the company, born in the southwest of England in 1792, later inherited a quite rich heritage, but he used money to scientific research. Barbech in childhood showed a very high mathematical talent. After admission into Cambridge University, he found that the algebra knowledge of himself even exceeded the teacher. Graduation school, 24-year-old young people, honored to be employed by the Mathematics professor of "Lukin Lecture" in Cambridge University. This is a very few people who can get, Newton's teacher Barrow is the first place, Newton is the second place. In addition to teaching, Babac has completed a large number of inventions, such as the use of operation and training theory to propose "a penalty postage" system, invented the speedometer and tabularier for the train to use. If Barbech continues to work in mathematical theory and scientific and technological inventions, he is originally a tanks that can be paved with flowers. However, this 旷奇 奇 has chosen a rugged road that is unattended. Things have to be spoken from France. At the end of the 18th century, France launched a grand computing project - manually prepared "Mathematics Watch", which is extremely arduous to work without advanced calculation tools. The French mathematics community has set up a large number of mathers, forming a flowing line for artificial hand, and is stunned, and the 17-volume manuscript is completed. Even so, the calculated mathematics table still has a lot of errors. It is said that one day, Barbech and the famous astronomer Hehel grouped together, comment on the side of the two weeks, and turned on, it was a mistake, and there were several places in two pages. In the face of the wrong mathematical table, Babei is stunned, he even shouted: "Heaven, these calculation errors have been filled with the entire universe!" This may be the cause of Babery. Bar Barcea wrote about a thing of 1812 in his autobiography "a philosopher's life history": "One night, I sat in the office of the Cambridge University, and bowed to see Open an aligned table in front of it. One member walks into the house, seeing me, busy: 'Hey! What do you dream?' I pointed to the table reply: 'I am considering These tables may be able to calculate the machine! '"The first goal of Babery is to make a" differential machine ". The so-called "differential" is the transformation of the complex calculation of the function table to differential operations, with a simple addition to the square operation. That year, Babac, who has just been 20 years old, has been inspired by the french Jay Kada's jacquard weaving machine, the differential machine design flashes out of the program control - it can automatically handle different functions according to the designer's will The calculation process. Barbech took a whole ten years of light, completed the first differential machine in 1822. It can handle 3 different 5 digits. The calculation accuracy reaches 6 decimals, and immediately calculates several function tables. Since the industrial technology is very low at the time, the first differential machine is processed from the design drawing to the mechanical parts, which is Babei person to do. When he looked at his own machine to make accurate "mathematics meter", please feel free to say: "Even if my machine has failed, such as the gear can't be moved, it is nothing. You see, There are digital tags on each wheel, which will not deceive anyone. "The actual application proves later that this machine is ideal for compilation of navigation and astronomical mathematics. Successful joy inspired Babery, he made a royal society in the night, asked the government to build a large differential machine with a second operational accuracy of 20.

The British government saw Babery's research favorable maps, and signed the first contract with scientists. The Ministry of Finance generously supplied a large-scale differential machine funding. Babery I also posted a huge amount of £ 13,000 to make up for the lack of development funds. In this year, the amount of this amount is tantamount to the astronomical figure - the information introduction said that the cost of manufacturing a steam locomotive was 784 pounds in 1831. However, the second differential machine enables "dark reef" in the mechanical manufacturing plant. The second differential machine has about 25,000 parts. The error of the main parts must not exceed one thousandth per inch, that is, the current processing equipment and technology, it is not easy to make this high-precision machinery. Barcei handed the difference to the most famous mechanical engineer Joseph Clemette, the UK, but the project progress was very slow. The designer is in a hurry, from the Cambridge to the factory, from the factory to Cambridge, a few days a day. He changed the drawings and changed, so that the workers reverberate the parts again. Years of year, day after day, until another 10 years later, Babike still looked at the machine that could not run, all parts were only less than half of the quantity. Colleagues who participated in the trial also insisted that they went to him. Barbech supported hard for the third year alone, and finally felt unable to return to day. That morning, Babikege walked into the workshop, there was no one in the workplace, only the full-scale slider and gear, and a wolf borrowed around. He is standing next to a machine that has not been completed, and he sighed. In the painful torment, he did not work, but he had to send all the design drawings and the completed parts to the London Royal College Museum for viewing. In 1842, it was an extremely incompetent year in Babery. The British government announced that all of his funds were broken, and even friends in the scientific community looked at him with a weird eye. The British prime minister ridiculous: "The only use of this machine is to spend a lot of money!" The peers sneered he was "stupid Babery". The authority of the Royal Academy, including the famous astronomer Ai Rui and others, publicly claimed that his differential machine "no value" ... 5, joining hands in difficult moments, lonely, bitter Babei accidentally Received a letter, write a letter not only expressed understanding him but also hopes to work with him. The signature of Juanxiu font shows her extraordinary identity - Mrs. Earl. Shortly after receiving the letter, the Barbech laboratory door came into a young lady. Her shared fighters, the horned angle, Into a white carnation, which seems to be elegant. Barbech is there, he is like this lady, and I can't think of where I have. Ms. fell to the generous self-introduction, it was the letterman. "Do you still remember me?" Ms. "" For more than a year ago, you also spend the principle of differential machines. "I saw Babaqi confused eyes, she smiled and said:" You said I saw a telescope like a field. "Babery suddenly realized that it was already very distant past. In front of this lady and the little girl, there is still a bit of similarity. It turned out that the Earl of the Earl is called Ada Augusta, a single girl in the famous British poet Byron. She is more than 20 years old than Barcei, born in 1815. Ada is from the small fate, and the second year of the world, the father Byrote is not divorced with her mother, from now on, don't leave the UK. It may never get the fate of your father's love, Xiaoda did not inherit the romantic enthusiasm of his father's poetry, but inherited his mother's mathematics and perseverance. Still in Ada's teenage, a friend of the mother led them to visit Barcei's differential machine. Other girls are full of discussions around the differential machine, and they can't touch their minds. Only Ada can see very carefully, she is very understanding and knows the significance of this invention of Babery.

Perhaps it is a special temperament of this little girl, and she has made a deeper mark in Barbech's memory. He hurriedly asked Ada to hold the seat and pleaded with this small number of mathematics women to develop new computing machines. In this way, when Ada was 27 years old, she became a partner in Babech scientific research, and the "German" research of this common person is unable to understand. At the time, she has become a home, her husband is the Earl of Lorus. In accordance with the custom of the United Kingdom, many of the information is called "Lady, Lady, Russen, Ros. 30 years of difficulties and setbacks did not make Barbeqi yield, Ada's friendship assistance has determined his determination. In 1834, Babery has already proposed a new and bold design in 1834 in the large-scale differential machine. The goal of his last sprint is not only a differential machine that can be tabulated, but a general math computer. Barbech called this new design "Analyzer", it can automatically solve complex ratings of 100 variables, each number can reach 25 bits, speed up to once per second. Today, let's look back in the design of Babech, and the idea of ​​analyzer is still flashing with genius. Because Barbech has almost unable to speak due to laryngeal in his later years, the text of the analyzer is mainly completed by Adat. Ada introduced in an article: "This machine exceeds the previous machine, regardless of the calculation scope, simpleness, and reliability and accuracy of the possible completion, or if the calculation is completely unwanted, exceeding the previous machine." Barbech designed the analyzer as soon as the steam engine is used to drive a large number of gear mechanisms. Barbech's analyzer generally has three major parts: one is the gear type "storage library", Babery called "Store", each gear can store 10 numbers, and the gear consists of The array can store 1000 50 digits. The second component of the analyzer is the so-called "arithmetic room", which is named "Workshop" (MILL) by Barbech, which is similar to the wheel of Pasca, engage in engagement, rotation, translation, etc. in the gear. Digital operation. In order to speed up the calculation speed, he improved the carrying device so that the 50-digit number of 50 digits can be completed in a runner. The third part Barbech did not name it for it, and its function is to control the order in which the operation operation is controlled in the "0" and "1" in the Jartard perforation card, similar to the controller in the computer. He even considers how to make this machine process according to the operating movement. For example, if the first step is "1", then the multiplication is made, if "0" is divided. In addition, Barbet also conceived agencies that were sent and removed, as well as components that continuously round-trip data between "warehouses" and "workshops". Ada "Heart is a little bit", she evaluates very accurately: "The algebra mode of the analyzer 'knitting" is exactly the same as Jakad loom weave. " Thus, the burden of a batch of functions computing programs is prepared for the analyzer, and the shoulders of the mathematical taleus are fell. Ada opened the first time for the computer, which included the computers, including the calculation of the triangle function, the number of multiplied program, Bernui function program, etc. These procedures prepared by Ada, even if it is today, the post-generation of the computer software industry still does not dare to change a directive. People recognize that she is the world's first software engineer. As we all know, the US Department of Defense is said to spend $ 25 billion and 10 years of light, mixing all the features of the software in a computer language, hoping that it can become a standard of thousands of computers. In 1981, this language was officially named ADA (Ada) language, making Ada's English names so far. However, the above speech is the last words, but I don't know how Babi and Ada have a painful water in the past! Because of any funding, Barbage turns the drawing machine's drawings into reality, exhausted all of their property, and makes a poor to wash.

He had to temporarily put down the lives of the hand, and Ada business tried to earn some money, such as what chess toys made, what horse racing game machine, etc. In order to raise research funds, they have to "seize" to "create". Finally, the two have fallen into a dilemma that is not a day. Ada relieved the treasure of the ancestors in the husband's family twice, to maintain daily expenses, and these treasures were redeemed by her mother twice. Poverty, endless mental labor, making Ada's health seriously. In 1852, a beautiful dream of success in the analyzer, the software female English was passed, only 36 years old. After the death of Ada, Babei silently insisted for nearly 20 years. In his later years, he can't pronounce accurately, and even can easily express his meaning, but he still persists working with an unfair. In 1871, Babei, who contributed a child's ability to contribute to the computer's business, finally full of sorrow, alone, and left the people alone. Some people put his brain with salt stains. After several years, there were more advanced technologies to study his brain preservation. The analyzer finally did not make it, Barbech and Ada failed. Barbech and Ada's failure is because they look too far, the analyzer is beyond their era at least one century! The needs of social development and the possibility of science and technology have made them destined to become tragic characters. Despite this, Barbech and Ada have left an extremely precious spiritual legacy for computer science, including 30 different design, nearly 200 sets of assembly maps and 50,000 parts ..., including that kind of self-improvement in adversity , In order to pursue the spirit of hard work. 6. Insert the multimedia encyclopedia published foreign published multimedia encyclopedia into the computer, then type "Punched Card" as a keyword search. You will find that the computer screen will start from the "Jacquard" entry, and there is a short history of developing early computers. It is another name "h.hollerrith" close to the "Jack" entry. This entry explains that the perforated card is an early computer input information, which can usually store 80 columns. It is a very thin sheet of paper with an area of ​​190 × 84 mm. The data processing machine for the first time using perforated card technology is the great invention of Dr. H.hollerith, US Statistical Expert. In 1880 AD, the United States of America held a national census, which was aware of more than 5,000 US population registration. At that time, the US economy was in a rapid development stage, and the population flow was very frequent; plus a lot of projects in the census, the statistical means of statistical means, from this census began in January 7, took the data to complete the data. That is, until the second census is carried out, the US government can learn the status of the national population during the first census. Dr. Horreus is German, and he graduated from the University of Columbia University in the early years. It is a mining major. The first job that came to the Population Bureau after graduation, and the first work engaged in the census. He worked with his colleagues and went deep into many families. One day, there is also a few tables of data. The population census needs to be treated a lot of projects, such as age, gender, etc., and how many children and elderly people have every community, how many male citizens and female citizens, etc. Can this data can also be statistically made by the machine? Mining Engineer Horus thought of Tekhard's perforated paper strip invented 80 years ago.

The Jakad jacquard with the small hole on the hole paper, mainly used to control the steps of jacquard operation, namely writing procedures, Holorers further envisaged to use it to store and statistics, inventing an automatic tabulation machine. The business is unusually busy, and an administrative agency cannot provide time and funding to make civil servants. Two years later, Dr. Horrez left the Prescription Bureau, and went to the patent office for a while, and he has worked in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Horrez first transforms the perforated paper with a perforated card to adapt to the needs of population data collection. Since everyone's survey data has several different items, such as gender, origin, age, etc. Horrez is arranged in one card in one of everyone's survey projects, and then punches in the position of the corresponding item based on the results of the survey. For example, in the "gender" column of the perforated card, there are two options for "men" and "women"; "age" columns have series options such as "0 years" to "70 years old", so. The statistician can play a small hole according to the appropriate position of each of the perforated cards according to the specific conditions of each survey. Each card represents a citizen profile. Dr. Horus is ingeniously designed for automatic statistics. He installed a group of mercury small cups on the machine, which was placed on these mercury cups. There are several rows of probes that are carefully adjusted above the card, and the probe is connected to one end of the circuit, and the mercury cup is connected to the other end of the circuit. The principle is similar to the Jakad jacquard, as long as the probe hits the hole on the card, it will automatically fall, and the mercury contact is connected to the current, and the start counting device proceeds one scale. It can be seen that the Horreus perforated card is also binary information: the hole can turn on the circuit count, representing the survey item as "" "" ("1"), the no-hole cannot turn on the circuit count, indicating that The investigation project is "None" ("0"). Until 1888, Dr. Horrez actually completed the automatic tabling design and declared patents. He invented this electromechanical counting device, more sensitive than traditional pure mechanical devices, and thus selected a huge success by after 1890 years later. For example, the population census conducted in 1900 uses a Horus Leson tablet, and the average of 500 people can be used in a average of 500 people. The national data statistics have been used for more than 1 year. Although Horus inventions are not universal computers, in addition to the statistics of data sheets, it is almost no other use, however, the tabular perforation card transforms the data into binary information for the first time. In the later computer system, the method of inputting data with a perforated card has been used in the 1970s, and data processing has also developed to become one of the main functions of the computer. Relying on the tabling machine invested by itself, Dr. Horreus founded a professional table, but shortly due to the difficulties of the capital turnover, it was merged by another CTR. In 1924, CTR was renamed "International Commercial Machine Company", English abbreviation "IBM", specializing in the production of punching machines and tablets. Jaffard and Horrese use the pioneering of programming and data processing, respectively. Examining their invention with historical gaze, this procedure design and data processing constitutes a prototype of computer "software". 7. Passing to the Babery superstar, the world has gradually been forgotten, and the 20th century is coming. The history of the computer is waiting, waiting for the Babei-style person to die, waiting for the feat of the human epistem. About 1936, American Youth Hight Hua Aken (H.AIKEN) came to Harvard University to study a Ph.D. in physics. Just in the Century to the Aiken of the world, it belongs to the scientist in the late latency. Because of the poor of family, he had to read high schools in the way halfway and half-read.

During the university, it is also a job, while studying hard until you graduate, you will see an engineer's work. At the age of 36, he resolutely resigned from a generous position and re-entry into the university. Due to the study of doctoral thesis involved the conduction theory of space charge, it is necessary to solve a very complex nonlinear differential equation. In the case of cumbersome manual calculations, Aiken is like to invent a method of manually solving artificial solution, fantasy can have one Computer help him solve mathematics puzzles. Three years later, Joabnitz is "finding" Pascard in the book, Aikeken is also "discovered" in the library "discovery" Babery and Ada. Barbech and Ada's papers, young people are shaking. After more than 70 years, Babery is still talking to him: "If anyone does not accept the lesson of my failure, I still will continue to develop a machine that includes all the work of mathematical analysis. I am not afraid that I will give him my reputation to him to make an evaluation, because only he fully understands the nature of my work and the value of its results. " With the scientific and technological level of Aikeken, it may be able to complete the uncompetitive career of Babery, make a general purpose computer. To this end, he wrote a "Automatic Computer Vision" proposal to make a new "analyzer" to construct electromechanical use of electromechanical, rather than using pure mechanical methods. However, the readers who are studying school are not possible to raise a big fund. Aiken, who obtained his doctorate entered the US Navy Army. A small lieutenant, he still has no money. "Money is not universal", however, for Aneken realizes computer dreams, "there is no money is not a million", otherwise it will only repeat Barbech and Ada's recurrence. Young Navy is thinking of IBM companies in the labore industry. Ai Ran learned from his teacher's mouth, IBM Chairman Watson's name, his teacher is working in a "Columbia University Statistics Bureau" founded by IBM, and is very happy to write a recommended letter for students. Aiken prepared materials from a row, and had a detailed feasibility report and directly ran to Watson. He listened to the teacher, Watson's style has never been an exclusive, does not trudge this person, develop a computer plan, a prosperous soup. The IBM headquarters is located in an antique construction. After Watson sat in a wide office desk, he did not listen to the Anem statement. Behind his back, it is a big bookcase that is full of books, and the bookkeepers are attached to only a word - Thinking (Think), this is Watson's most advocated action guidelines. Aiken said that he said, uneasy looked at the opposite of this hobby "thinking" entrepreneur. "How much does it take at least?" Watson blooms. "I am afraid I have to put hundreds of thousands of", "Alken muttered," But ... "Watson put his hand, interrupted the words of Aiken, pick up the pen, and scratched a few times. Aiken is tight: "No play!" For politeness, he also went to pick up the paper with both hands, and then bowed, and suddenly hiped a little-Watson's big pen, batch 1 million US dollars! With IBM as a strong backing, the new computer development work opened in a red brick house after Harvard Physical Building, Aiken named it as "MarkI), also known as" automatic sequence Control computer. IBM is also sent to Lake, Delphi and Hamilton and other engineers to form a research team, the financial resources are sufficient, and the soldiers are strong. It is much more fortunate to be much better than Barbech and Ada, Aiken. IBM has therefore officially across the computer's "territory" from the production tab, meat scales, coffee mill, etc. Aiken Designed Mark No. 1 is already an electric machine that uses current to operate, the most critical component, which is used in a normal telephone relay.

About 3,000 relays on the Mark No. 1, each with a small iron rod supported by the spring, and the attraction of the electromagnet is attracted up and down. Anti-circuit is turned on, represents "1"; release, disconnect the circuit, represents "0". Relay "Switch" can be turned on or disconnected in the time of approximately 1/100 seconds, of course, is much more advanced than Babery gear. It is also a female mathematician Grace Huobo (G. Hopper) for Mark 1. The famous mathematics, participated in the Harvard University computer research work in 1944, "I said:" I became the third programmer of the world's first large computer MarkI. "Dr. Huobo is also the first The commercial electronic computer UNIVAC in the storage program has taken the first to develop successfully the first compiler AO and computer commercial language COBOL, which is recognized as a leader in the computer language. One day, she had a fault when debugging the procedure. After removing the relay, it was found that only the moth was pulled flat in the middle of the contact, so that the "card" lived in the operation of the machine. As a result, Huohu is collectively referred to as "bug" (bug), and this strange "title", later became a professional jaices in the computer field, such as debugging procedures in the DOS system, the program name is called Debug. In February 1944, Mark No. 1 was officially running at Harvard University. From the appearance, its housing is made of steel and glass, about 15 meters long, with a high weight of 31.5 tons, which is a huge thing like dinosaurous body. It is said that Aiken and his colleagues have 150,000 components and 800 kilometers of wires. This machine can operate more than 200 times a minute. It can be used as a 23-digit plus 23 digits, only 0.3 seconds at a time; the multiplication of the same number of bits is required, it takes more than 6 seconds. It's just that it runs, and some visitors say: "It's like a woman who is crowded with a house. Maybe you will be associated with Mark No. 1 computer is also naturally related to Jakadian knitting machine. . Mark No. 1 represents the top level of mechanical computers or electric computer manufactured by human beings from Paska, which is used to calculate the nuclear fission process. It has been running 15 years later, and the mathematics table compiled. We are still in use. In 1946, Aiken and Hobbo jointly issued an article that this machine automatically realizes people's pre-selected series of operations, and even solve differential equations. Mark No. 1 finally realized the wish of Babery. After many years later, Ai Ken, who has already served as the University, is still amazed, and he said, if Babei is 75 years, I will lose business. However, Mark No. 1 is the final representative of early computers. It is already outdated from the moment it put into operation, because at this moment, human society has across the era of electronics. 8. Vacuum Toon

In 1883, a US inventor of more than 2,000 inventors of the invention of more than 2,000 inventors of the invention have contributed to T. Twison, which is busy with the laboratory. In front of him, he put various bulbs in except for the different materials of the filaments, these bulbs were dispersed. Edison picking up a burning carbon bulb, found that the carbon seems to be much thinner than the original, and the upper part of the bulb is vaguely stained with some carbon ash, it seems that the temperature is high to evaporate the carbon. How can I prevent carbon wire from evaporating? Edison found a small trip-cut bronze, put it near the carbon and packaged into a new glass shell together, took the air, then put it on the circuit. The results of the experiment make it expensive to Di Si, still tap after the carbon is emission. Edison sighed, inadvertently used current table probes to touch the tenth of the copper wire. The strange thing happened, and the pointer of the current table has a angle. Edison can't believe that this copper wire does not contact the electric luminescent carbon, which is current? After continuous experiment, there was no change, and Edison recorded it, as a present invention, called "Edison effect", which is the only "pure science" in his life. Edison did not find practical use at the time, and did not explore and pursue more deeply, let the more great inventory will pass. "Edison effect" did not attract Ai Di himself, but it has alarms a British Youth Engineer Fleming (J. Fleming) on ​​the other side of the ocean. Fleming blogged the ocean, the special trip to the III stated that he was solely screaming for one-way electronic flow effect, and it would be the cold of the big hair. In 1895, in order to solve the problem of detection of the radio signal, Fleming re-plays the "light bulb" of Ai Di in the laboratory. He deliberately made the carbon and widen the copper wire, bent into a thin copper plate, bent into a cylindrical shape, and brought the carbon wire. When he connects "light bulb" after the AC circuit, Fleming excitedly saw his expectations became a reality: the AC signal was rectified into a direct current of unidirectional flow. Thus, Fleming applied for a patent in the UK as a "hot ion valve". Fleming's invention is the first electronic tube in the world, that is, people later said "vacuum diode". Fleming called the "hot ion valve", "valve", the "valve" is the switch element, but the vacuum diode of Fleming has not reached the requirements of the computer high-speed switch. At the beginning of the 20th century, on the basis of the business of Fleming, a US Youth inventory de Fearst (L. DEEST) tamed again in the vacuum. De Forest is less than 30 years old. The child is not outstanding, and the teacher believes is a mediocrity child. The only hobby is to disassemble various mechanical small games, and the ambition is not high, just want to be a mechanical technician or as a mechanic. A chance to marry the radio inventor's inventory, inspiring his innovation of the invention of the inventive wireless device. After graduating from college, he had achieved 34 invention patents in just five years. In 1906, in order to improve the sensitivity of vacuum diode inspection, De Fleste added a fence metal network to form an electronic tube in the glass tube in Fletmin. He was surprised to see that this "gate" seems like a blind, can control the electron flow between the cathode and the screen; as long as the gate is weak, there is a large current on the screen, and the waveform It is completely consistent with the gate current. That is, the de Freester invents a vacuum triode device capable of playing a large effect. However, due to the invention of this new electronic tube, De Furis is innocent by the news of the United States New York Federal Court. The reason is that some people have suited that he attempts to sell backlog products for the company to conduct commercial fraud.

The ignorant and ignorant judges issued the judgment, and the electronic tube declared by Dude Furres is a "no valuable glass tube". In 1912, with the Yin Yun, De Furist and two assistants who may be caught in the United States at any time, California, who could be caught at any time, to California in the United States, and persistently improve his triodes in Paloato. In a small wooden house, No. 913 Emerson, they found more things than they expected. During the gate of the triode with copper wire, De Flest suddenly thought of using this glass tube to make more powerful amplifiers. They connect several triodes and connected to the microphones of the phone, and then the virtuestine "of the" Solig Watch "in front of Duest, the result, the result, amplified The watch "Too" sound, almost vulnerable with De Forest's ears. Duents in Paul Asto, still standing on a small number of commemorative cards, and writing a line in the name of the municipal government: "De Forest found the magnification of the tube. "The great invention used to commemorate Duesti is the foundation of the emerging electronics industry. Dude Furnster invention decades, it turned into a Silicon Valley of the World Computer Industry. The tube is mainly served as an inspection, rectification, amplification and oscillation component in the radio, which is born as the growth of communications, broadcasting, television and other related technologies, and the development of the road. However, some people discover, in the form of a different circuit, the vacuum triode can be "saturated" and "cut" state in addition to the "magnification" state. "Saturation" is fully turned on from the cathode to the screen, which is equivalent to the switch opening; "Off", no current flows from the cathode to the screen, which corresponds to the switch off; two states can be controlled by the gate, The control speed is 10,000 times faster than the relays of Aiken. The inventors tamed in the age of century, using electronic devices to make a computer has been water to the stream, and they will come out. 9. The computer in Genesis has ushered in 1943 in the sound of the rumble. The nitrate is close, the drum is urging the spring, the urgent need of the war, like a powerful giant hand, clears the obstacles for the birth of the computer, pave the road. On April 9, a meeting of the Abeding and Army Army Department of Maryland, USA, is at the moment of raising a trace. The Army's school is sitting in the chairman of the chairman, but he is equally dumb, he is closed. Beside his side is Professor Wei Bron (O.Veblen), Princeton High School. Professor This time is still patiently losing the report submitted to the meeting. It should be said that Simon's coloners have the most statement on this report because he led the Abeding Trial Farm, which is responsible for the test task of the US Army's new artillery. Earlier, the army has sent a young military officer Goldstine (H. Glodstine), gathering a batch of research teams from the University of Pennsylvania University, helping to calculate the ballistic table of new artillery, this meeting is that Destin et al. Requested a non-small. It is known that whether the cannons you have tried can be accepted, and the trajectory of the multi-shelling must be seriously examined and analyzes the cause of the population error. A shooting ball from the launch to the landing explosion, only one minute, and calculate the trajectory of this shell, but 750 multiplications and more add-off. A complete ballistic table needs to calculate nearly 4,000 balls, and the test artillery will provide 6 tables in Goldstan every day, and it is conceivable that there are how many tasks. Goldstan is a mathematician who has served at Michigan University. He was exhausted from the army to make more than 100 girls as auxiliary artificial calculation.

It can be imagined: a gunball played past, more than 100 people used hand to shake the computer, and often mistakenly, it is not good, and the scene is inevitable. Among the team leaders in Goldstan, two young scholars from the Moore College. One is his many years of friends, Associate Professor Moceli (J. Mauchiy), 36-year-old physicist. Another named Ext (P.eckert, 24-year-old electrical engineer, briefly graduated from Moer College. Moceley is good at overall thinking, he is born with a systematic mind. His idea can always be accustomed to Ekte of the mind. Two people have fun, a few collisions, one shot, handed over to Goldstan, a design plan for the development of electronic computers - "The use of high-speed electronic pipe computing devices", clearly proposes to use Fleming, Dreste The tube, makes an unprecedented computing machine, and the efficiency of the ballistic calculation is increased by hundreds. I don't know why, this precious program is inexplicably lost. Moceley has to rebuild the report according to the record of the secretary and then hand it over to Ek. In the appendix, Ekrt has creatively clarified how to design the design of Moceley. Golderstein knows the amount of this report, but also deeply affects the predicament of machines. He is determined to use the military representative and mathematician double identity to strive to the army to fund the project. At this time, Professor Weberlen took the report in Moceley and Ekrt. Due to the huge amount of funds required, plus the risk of developing, even Weberlen also feels that the paper seems to be heavy. Lieutenant, Goldstein, standing on the other end of the meeting table, facing the Simon's school, and continued to complaint: "I heard that the Navy has hoped on the Mark No. 1 computer. We envishable machine, is an update The electronic computer, it will be several orders of magnitude than the machine of Harvard ... ". Simon turned face, using your eyes to pay attention to Professor Weberlen, because he knew that as a scientific advisor of the Leading Department, the "Topology" founders were famous for the world of Ji Ding. So, the audience to the guest's gaze, staring on the professor. Weberlen finally put down the report in his hand, closed his eyes, and looked back on the back of the chair. The entire venue is also silent. Suddenly, the professor suddenly stood up, "" pushed the chair behind the open, said loudly in the colleach: "Simon, give Goldstan's funds!" After he finished this sentence, he immediately turned to the door, The head does not leave the meeting room. The development of the world's first electronic computer, this is dramatically opened. The protocol initially signed by the military and Moore College was a 140,000 US dollars, but later the contract was revised 12 times, and the funds have been added to 480,000, which is approximately more than 10 million US dollars. The Development Team of the Moore Institute is a dynamic interdisciplinary research team, leaving a risk of risk, dare to win in the history of science and technology. Group members include more than 30 physicists, mathematicians and engineers, and also organized nearly 200 auxiliary staff to participate in the research. The general leader of the project is a professor with reputation in Moore College. "This is a development plan that cannot be ensured to achieve the expected effect, however, it is now a suitable Time. "He brought the pressure from all aspects and enthusiastically supported the creation of young people. Godstein showed outstanding talents in scientific research organizations, not only provides the help of the project, but also the identity of the military liaison, responsible for coordinating the progress of the project.

Playing the most important role in computer development is Moceley and Ekrt, and a engineer named Burks (A. BURKS). Among them, Mochley is a total designer of the computer, hosting the overall design of the machine; Ekrt is a general engineer, responsible for solving complex and difficult engineering problems; Blowkes as a logistician, for computer design multipliers, etc. Large logic elements. However, in order to support the machine to drive the war, it is still able to catch up with the last bus. Fascis, Germany quickly defeated. On February 14, 1946, the first electronic computer in the world was late, and was officially launched in a cheer. On February 14th, the girls' valentine's "Valentine's Day" loved. Moore Group's member of the monopolism is the beginning of the Soup. Choosing this day as the date of public unveiling ceremony, perhaps the meaning of the meaning - the electronic computer is not their "popular lovers"? The name "Volkswage" is called "ENIAC", which is translated into Chinese is "electronic digital integration and computer", and the outsiders sounded ten nozzles, but in Moceley and Eketi, "She" It is like "Venus" and "Eve". That day, I just got on the sky. When they came to the E cachi, they went to "like a flowery". "" In its body, there is a total of 17468 tubes, 7,200 diodes, 700,000 multi-resistors, more than 10,000 capacitors and 6000 relays, and the welding point of the circuit is more than 500,000. In the surface of the machine, the meter, wires, and indicators are simply like the girls who are full of jade pearl gem necklaces. The volume of this "lover" is too big. The huge body is squeezed into a metal cabinet of 2.75 meters high, covering an area of ​​170 square meters, about a spatial size like a whole ten rooms, The total weight reached 30 tons, which is an "giant machine" after an unprecedented. Despite this, in the celebration conference, the extraordinary performance of the Calec is determined to make the guests open the eyes, any mechanical or electric computer in the same era is in front of it. It is seen that it enters the data and output results in a perforated card, and 125 cards can be input per minute, and 100 cards are output. It can complete 5000 plus in 1 second, or two 10-digit multiplication can be done in 3/1000 seconds, and its operational speed is exceeded by Mark 1 at least 1000 times. The trajectory of a shellball can be completed 20 seconds, which is faster than the flying speed of the shells itself. The calculation workload completed by Ec caventa, which is approximately equivalent to one person to operate computer operation for 40 years. The Caleck marked the creation of the electronic computer, and the human society moved into the threshold of the computer era 10. The Qianqiu computer parent This is the first computer Calellia's little story. In the evening of 1944, Lieutenant God came to Abendin Station, waiting to go to Philadelphia train, suddenly seeing not far from the front, there is a familiar figure to come over. The people are famous for the world's large mathematician von Noymann (J.Von Neumann). Golderstein is never letting this accidental embarrassment, he has buryed a few mathematics problems that have been buried in the heart, and an ancient brain fell out and taught the math master. Von Noyman is a kind, and it is not a surplus, and it is patiently to solve problems in Goldstein. Listening, he didn't feel the surprised look, keen from mathematics, and felt an unusual thing happening in front of this youth. He began to send a question to Golderstein, asked young people, "It seems to have experienced a doctoral thesis." Finally, Goldstein did not hidely telling him the electronic computer project and current research progress in Moore College.

Von Noyman was really shocked, and then he was extremely exciting. Since 1940, he is the consultant of the Abeding Trial Field, and the same calculation has also anxiously anxious. He is anxious to express to Godstan, I hope to take some machines that have not yet been born in Moore College. Mocchi and Ekrt are pleased to visit von Noyman. They also urgently hope to get guidance from this famous scholar, and it is a little doubt. Ekrt privately said to Moceley: "You can judge Feng Noeman is not a real genius." In August, Von Noyman, the dust of the sun rushed to the Test Base of the Moore College, and the horses did not stop the team members. Moki remembered the words of Ekrt, and heard the first question of the Mathematics master. When he heard von Nymann, he first asked the machine's logical structure, could not help but smile on Ekrt, and the two were also convinced of the wise of this big scientist! Since then, von Noyman has become the actual consultant of the Moore Electronic Computer Development Team, with the team members frequently exchange opinions. The young man has proposed a variety of ideas, von Noyman uses his profound knowledge, leading the discussion to in-depth, and gradually forms an electronic computer system design idea. People later worked on the "Presses of Computer" in von Noyman, rather than the first computer's two actual developers, this is not not based. Von Noyman is a member of the American Hungarian, born in 1913, and the reputation of "Mathematical Prodbs" is propagated - he is 6 years old to count the 8-digit division, and the 8-year-old school will learn the calcination, and read the function. Through hard work, at the age of 17, he published the first mathematics papers, soon the seven languages ​​were mastered, but also made breakthrough progress in theoretical research in the latest mathematics branch - aggregation, functional analysis. At the age of 22, he won the diploma of chemical engineers in Zurich Federation, Switzerland. One year later, it was easy to extract a Ph.D. in Mathematics in Budapest University. Turntably attacked physics, the number of mathematical models for quantum mechanics, and made him a prominent position in the field of theoretical physics. Feng Noyman, Feng Noyan, in the science hall, "sweeping thousands of troops such as chase", became super full of "number, reason, and chemistry". In 1928, Professor of Math Thai Weberlen, Professor, Guanglin, Guang Luotian, "Bole", is "good", a bronzed big red, sent to the 26-year-old lecturer of Berlin University. Von Neuman expects future science development centers to the west, and is pleased to teach the United States. In 1933, I was hired as the first batch of lifelong professors from Einsteon Higher Institute. Of course, the brilliance of the past is not enough to explain the contribution of von Noyman on the electronic computer. Although Ellis is powerful, it is still very imperfect, such as the shortcomings of power consumption and high cost. Its consumption exceeds 174 kilowatts. It is said that those years, as long as the Ec caventa opens, all the lights of the entire Philadelphia city suddenly have been eclipsed. Those tubes are luminated and heated, and one is damaged every 7 minutes. Although it took only 4.00,000 yuan of development costs of the army department, who can, to maintain its cost, then exceeding 2 million! The most deadly disadvantage of Ec cachu is that the program is calculated two separation. Command the program instruction of 20,000 tubes of the Er Ak, in the external circuit of the machine. It is necessary to calculate a question, and Ekrt must assign a few tens of employees to connect hundreds of lines. If you are busy with a group of phone operators, you can do a few minutes. Now people should not be confident, Moceley and Ekrt, because the design of the electronic computer is before, no ancient people. However, it is this no ancient people, and the party is a hero. At this time, von Noyman used a superb theory and technical approach to overcome huge difficulties.

Before the Er Ak is not running, Von Noyman has begun to start a new design report to retrofit this electronic computer. He named the new machine program as "discrete variable automatic electronic computer", English abbreviation translation is "Edvac". In June 1945, Von Noyman and Goldstan, Blowkes, etc., published a report for the Edwax program, which is a famous 101-page foreign report, namely a famous computer history. " Page 101 report. This report has laid a solid foundation of the modern computer architecture until today, it is still considered to be a milestone of modern computer science development. The report explicitly specifies the five parts of the computer, and uses binary alternative decimal operations, which greatly facilitates the circuit design of the machine. The revolutionary significance of the Edwar program is that "storage procedures" - the program is also used as data to store inside the machine, so that the computer can automatically execute instructions in turn, and no need to turn it on. People later collect the machine based on this program idea to "Nogan Machine". Through Von Neuman Designed, Edwick, until today we use the multimedia computer made by "Pentium" chip, the "passing" of the computer generation, a large number of more thousands of computers, can not Jumping out of the palm of Nogano machine. In this sense, von Noyman is a well-deserved "Puppet of Computer". Of course, with the development of artificial intelligence and neural network computers, the pattern of the Norman's first world has been broken, but Von Noyman will never have a glorious merit to develop a computer. 11. The computer group is a century, forty years, is the most important harvest season in the history of computer development. The group is gathering, competes in the Central Plains, the deer died, and it is not no dispute. In addition to Mark No. 1 and E cachu, a large number of scientists have made great contributions to the birth of the computer, and their English name will never be buried. It is said that the earliest use of relays is not the Alcirine of Harvard University. One of them is 1936, German engineer Chu Ze (K.zuse), in the living room of his Parents apartment in Berlin, has made a mechanical computer called Z1. Chuze was still a college student in a civil engineering. After graduating, a aircraft company in Berlin was working in statistical work. I have made a computer for "I want to lazy". He has no funding, and there is no information. Germany under the war is in the cloud, Chuze has not known the work of British and American scientists. Since Z1 is slow, Chuze decided to transform his machine with relay, finally in 1941, with the help of his friends, it successfully made a general computer Z3, but did not attract the attention of the German authorities. However, Z3 fate is not miserable, in 1944, the allied air strike fried it bones, only the other similar machine Z4, threw no one in the cellar of the Bavarian country farmhouse. People are only known after the war, and the Chuze's relay computer has to come to the world three years in advance, and is also a binary computing machine. Chuze missed Germany in the war period, and his invention has always been recognized. After Hitler defeated, Chu Ze rushed to the countryside of Switzerland, and then turned to research "computer calculations" theory. Until 1962, he was definitely been a computer inventor with American scientists, got eight honorary Ph.D. and the German Big Cross Medal, and lived to 85 years old, and told December 1995. It earlier in the year. That is still a simulated computer in 1925, Dr. Bush (V.bush) of the Massachusetts Institute of Massachusetts, manufactures a simulated computer. The so-called "simulation" means that Bush's computer is an angle to rotate with gear to simulate the calculation results.

For example, the last wheel turns the 30 degree angle, which means that the calculated value is equal to 30, which seems to be similar to the original machine of Leibniz. If it is not installed on this machine, I may only be mechanical computers. Dr. Bush is of course not satisfied. The relay appeared, he immediately thought of using these 嗡 作 something to transform his machine; the electronic tube is from the world, he thinks it must be installed with more advanced electronic components to this machine. In this way, in 1942, the second simulation computer design of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was manufactured and quickly put into operation. Bush's original intention to help solve the differential equation, the machine is really obsolete, and half an hour will solve the differential equation that can be calculated for one week. This machine is also a "big guy", from 100 tons, including 2,000 electronic tubes inside, but also have thousands of relays, dense linear wires, if a first end is connected, will have more than 200 miles. Similar to the encounter with the Er Ak, the simulation computer immediately was discounted by the military to calculate the craftsmanship. The military spokesperson in order to confuse the enemy, spread many times, in various open operations, "MAO engineers can't really create such machines". These materials are also disclosed by the same war. More people say that the earliest use of electronic tube manufacturing computer is still there. It is said on October 19, 1973 that a local court of the United States took 135 trials, and the public announced a judgment: "Moceley and Ekrt did not invent the first computer, just use Antana Soff The idea is that Atana Sofech has told him Dr. Moceley in 1941. Attana, J. V.atanasoft During the World War II was a mathematical physics professor of Wah Wah University, Bulgarian Dr. Bulgarian. One night in 1939, Professor Atana Sof is frustrated, and the idea has a problem, and it has never been able to find a solution. He has to drive to the highway in order to solve the heart. He ran a few hundred miles in a car, and he stopped the car before the store next to Irinoi. Two glasses of wine, the inspiration, suddenly flashing a star fire in his mind, igniting a series of wisdom. "Dream to find him thousands of Baidu, look back", logic circuit, binary code, memory element ..., computer structure is mature next to the dinner table. When he was like Aquimide, he found that the rule of the buoyancy was like a restaurant, and he shouted: "I found it!" I hurriedly launched the car and turned down. Antana Sofeng "Discovery" electronic computer can solve 30 unknown equations, but he only applies $ 600 funding, only one component can be made. Until 1942, he was equipped with a famous ABC computer with the assistance of C. Berry, and ABC was "ABC" ABC is the English word of three words of "Antana, Berry-Computer". The machine has been used for more than 300 tubes, and the components have been filled with several major cabinets. UP University did not apply for a patent for ABC computers, and in the 1970s, manufacturers were still fighting for the right to inventions. This public case who decided by the US local court did not make sense, because the inventors of E cachu did Mochi indeed visited the ABC electronic computer to visit the ABC electronics, from the idea of ​​Tanona Sofa. . The most interesting story happened in the UK. Many people legends that the UK has secretly created a special electronic computer in 1943, which has established awards in the Second World War, some historians even think that at least the second war has been shortened for three years. ! This rumor involves the highest level of military secrets in the UK.

12. The secret of "Giant" is described in the article that describes the European war of the Second World War. It is often seen "super confidential" words. The topic about it is often dodge, vague, and even contradictory. For example, some people say that the UK has a secret weapon called "giant", specializing in the "mystery" of the German. Some people say that this "giant" is called "giant", the German "Mystery" name "Love Nigma" is a military secret code. Even the serious historians also have much real information, British scholars Winder Bobser wrote this "super confidential", French expert Betland, published, "Love Nigma - 1939 to 1945 The biggest mystery in this war "When the US military history, Duqi felt that these books were still not enough to disclose true feelings, in 1970, I only broke into the British Foreign Ministry, and I only got a piece of empty text, I clearly wrote: "Document to 2015 can be decrypted". People guess that "giants" may be the earliest electronic computer. However, it is the UK's super confidential, British intelligence department and even in the end of the confidential mission, no one will not be able to temporary news, otherwise it will be in accordance with the national security sin. As a result, historians have to write a lot of war stories that may involve "giants", here you may wish to choose one of them. In 1940, when the German iron flow broke through the French Macino line, the British expedition military Dunlike was retreated, Hitler did order to implement the "Sea Lion" action invading British Isles, and asked the German Air Force first to complete the UK Royal Air Force. In the view of the German Air Force Commander, the British airplane only had less than 700, and he only bombard has 1200, coupled with the attacking machine, the number of the German aircraft is at least three times the British army, and most of the pilot It is a member of the well-trained "Vulture Legion", and the British 佬 is certainly not their opponent. "Eagle Day" battle started. The German bomber shocks the sky, and the momentum is strong to the English British Strait, and the attack machine secretly follows up and prepares to attack the British plane. However, the sly British seems to always know the actions of the German in advance, hiding in the halfway, and the German loss is heavy. On September 15th, the total attack started, Gollin made the frontline aircraft hit London, 1100 "locusts" covering the sky, yet flying out of the strait, in case the British cut, the cruel air battle has been a whole day, Golin's "Bultun" was devastated. Two days later, Hitler had to decide that the "Sea Lion Action" in the endless period, and the British army in disadvantage reveals the defeat. In this "Sea Lion Action", the battle is as good as a finger, not Gollin but the British Air Force Commander. The Ding is really awkward in his hand, it is the "super confidential" of Bretchi Manor. It is 70 kilometers north of London, and there is a quiet manor name "Brechi Lele", a Victorian architecture antique, deep in the dense tree, the birds are fragrant, and the people are in a happiness. The war broke the silence of the manor. I don't know which day, more and more people are quietly gathered. At most, I have reached the scale of 10,000 people. The manor is gradually covered with the built-in-shacks, and it is carefully disguised into one. Essential battlefield hospital. The secret name of Bretchi Lee Manor is called "Government Password School", and its true identity is the intelligence decipher center of the British. 10,000 volunteers, at night, at night, intercepted, organized, ruled, decipher the German military intelligence, of course, mainly from the air-oriented radio communication password, and the deciphering intelligence directly to the UK's highest command authority, I even reached the Churchill Prime Minister Into. This large number of volunteers come from the British Sanyi Island, three teaching nine streams, all colors, etc.

Among them, there are famous scientists, such as Professor Newman (M.Newman), such as M.Newman, etc. In addition, there are linguists, electrical engineers, radio hipsters, etc., which can be described as talent. However, more people look a strangeness - there is a museum, there is a restaurant running hall, a bank staff, and an international chess champion and a guess puzzle. Here, I can meet the military people in various colors, and I can often hit the "common people" that can't be placed. Fortunately, in the roster of Burechi, the great name of A. Turin is also listed in it. People call him "professor" and do not necessarily know his real name. Newman, Tulin and Bretchi's decipher masters, the most headache, the first ENGM. "Love Nigma" original "enigma" is a greek name, translated into Chinese is "mystery", it is the communication cryptographm for the German military and soldiers. Ignam is the "secret writing machine" invented by Dutch people. After the engineer of Berlin bought the patent, it transformed it into a special cipher. I love Nigma's structure is firm, which is easy to carry, and the appearance is like an old typewriter. However, the manipulator presses a letter, such as A, which may be another letter X. Its inside is equipped with a plunger, only the starting point of the runner, the instantaneous output changes, such as pressing A may play B, or C, or D. The critical key is to find the law of the wheel combination, and use the term to decipher the "key". However, according to the German Intelligence Officer, 26 letters can be replaced by 8 trillion ciphertext, if the wiring is changed, and its change will exceed 2.5 million! Since it is full of "mystery", the Germans don't puzzle blood this, and it has been equipped with more than 100,000 Agima machines, and claims that "no one can crack it." 13. Second World War III Xun Buretchi Lee Manor is of course unsurely said that they concentrated on 200 sneakers in the "3 shed", four shots, 24 hours worth, specializing in Germany's "Swan Rock mystery ". Thuringia with a deputy hand, chess champion Alexander, leading the "8 shed" to perform complex password analysis. Similar to Goldstan in the Abeding Truck, in the embarrassment of the Turin, in addition to the mathematician and linguists, there are more than 100 girls in mechanical ways, they were kind Seal as "calculate slave". The information submitted from these shacks belongs to a special confidentiality, which is the "super confidential" that people will later. However, the "Super" team has not yet "drilling" I love Nigma's "Golden Steel Drill". In July 1939, they have encountered unexpected surprises. That is the first night of the Germans that is about to occupy Poland, the British Secret Intelligence Department of the Director of the Monitor, Mensis, suddenly summoned the Triple and others, so that they immediately rushed to Poland to participate in the top secret meeting. When Meng His, three people arrived in the underground bunker in Warsaw City, greeted their Polish password decipherous director rushed to uncovering the cover on the table. Turin can't believe in your eyes - in front of him, there is a real Igima secrettimer. Poland said that this love Nigma is the polish of Poland. Prior to this, experts have already cracked some "mystery" and develop a machine that is called "bomb" to find a message key. However, it is necessary to deal with the latest improvements to the Germans in Iigma, at least 60 "bombs" work for 10 hours, in order to "explode" to open an intelligence. In the face of the serious situation of Deju's upcoming invasion, Poland wants to continue to carry out this complex decipherment.

"The United Kingdom is the only country that can resist fascism." Polish Director said affectionately, "We transferred the secret research of Poland to you, it hores our final hope in the victory!" With the research results of Polish allies Always returning to Brechi Lee, launching the final sprint towards the "Mystery" of Fasser. Tiren first uses his genius to enhance the power of "bomb". Then he and other people, a deciphering machine that the Mark No. 1 began to design. This machine mainly consists of relays, which is said to also use 80 tubes, and read the password directly from the photoelectric reader. Termin and his comrades joked that it was "Robinson" - British knew that Hays Robinson was an outstanding cartoonist, which was known to draw some rare weird machines. At the end of 1939, "Robinson" is made by the British tabrar company. It has a long width of 8 feet, and it hits it. It can read information on the perforated paper strip at a speed of 2000 characters per second. People still don't know how to direct his machine, only roughly guess "Robinson" automatically simulates the circuit of Iriga, so that the decipher key is found. In "Sea Lion Action", the German Air Force was a heavy blow. With the "super" secret, the German airplane did not escape the "bomb" and "Robson", they have not flying away from the airport, and the British Air Force has arranged their funeral. Unfortunately, "Robinson" is not long, and the Germans seem to have a vigilance. The corresponding German password decipherive mechanism XB with Brechi Lee has made another more advanced "confidential electrical typewriter" in 1942, "Robson" immediately became "the ears of the deaf". In the face of strong enemy challenges, Bretchi Lee Manor is in the enemy, and the eye is accurately directed to the development of advanced tube computers. Because Thuringia were sent to the United States in 1942, the Newman and the Ministry of Posts Research Authority were bravely undertaken by the design and manufacturing work in H. Flowers. In October 1943, the Bretchi Manor created the first prototype, replaced the relay with 1,500 electronic tube, and the reading speed is immediately increased to 5000 characters per second. Naturally, the head of the tube is certainly not small, and its volume also accounts for three large wardrobes, and it is more interesting with Er Ak. Since it produces a lot, some people suggest that the operator should not wear a hat to avoid hot sweating. The British called this computer as "COLOSSUS", which is translated into Chinese is "giant". It is said that "giants" have caused one before the Allied Normandy landed, and there are also many people in the future war. "Giant" debut, the Germans were thicker. From November 1943 to March 1945, Burechi issued 4,000 "Super Secret" telegraph to the Command of the United Kingdom and the Allies, with an average of four or five copies per hour, and they hourly Deciphering German intelligence exceeds 11 copies. In the "Giant" telegraph, the "Sea Wolf" action of the German submarine was completely smashed by the Allies, and more than 600 ships were only lying in the sea, 20,000 officers and soldiers were buried in the fish. The most outstanding performance of "Giants" is in "Overlord Action". The Allies have a soul of the soul, and the Drafted Hitler believes that the Allies will choose in the Galai Strait, not Normandy. The "giant" deciphering intelligence shows that Hitler's elite troops are at this time at Calais, and strictly guard against the "Barton 1st Group Army" enrollment. "Giant" also uses the German password, and the source is constantly transferring all kinds of false information to Hitler. Finally, when the Allied Group Army was victory, the commanders took the "giant" to the telegrams, extended out the thumb praise: "We rely on it!" Historians are reviewing the history of the Second World War. Speaking, this is the most successful deceptive action in the history of war.

When the last line of Hitler's inside the coast hopes to be completely smashed, saying that "Giant" to rewrite the war process is not over. 14. The Shuangsheng people people have created by von Noyman, and they praised him to "the father of the computer". But he does not think about it. According to the physicist of his assistant, Frankell said that Von Noyman has repeatedly resolutely stressed that if you don't consider Barbech, Ada and others, the basic concept of computer can only Belong to Alan Trumpet! It is Feng Noiman himself, personally put "the father of the computer" in the Turndun head. This not only shows that Von Noyman has modest virtues, but many historians are also very serious: "The Trumpet is the father of the computer." Until now, there is still a one-year "Thuringia" to the best computer scientist, it is the highest honor in the computer field as the "Nobel Prize". What kind of character is Alan Tüen, what is the father of the computer, Von Noyman is so respect? Alan Tilin, born on June 23, 1912, born in London, UK, a book of fragrant households. Although his grandfather has won the math honor degree of Cambridge University, his father is daunting, and even thinks that the result of a negative number and negative number has exceeded human understanding. Therefore, Alan's family education does not help with his future achievements in mathematics. Little Alan's lively in the childhood. His mother recalled that at the age of 3, Alan conducted his first attempt in experiments - put a toy wood man's small arm calf to the garden, and wanted them to grow into more wood people. At the age of 8, Alan began to try to write a scientific work and titled "about a microscope." This is not the myth of the Tianfang Night Tan. Although this genius child has a lot of words, it is still like it. In the beginning and end of the book, Alan has used the same sentence "First, you must know the light is straight", but the middle content is very short, it can be said to break the record of scientific works. Alan has long showed a scientific exploration spirit. He has said to his mother: "I seem to make some famous horses from the most ordinary things." Just play football with my friends, he only likes to be patrol outside Border, because this can have the opportunity to calculate the angle of the ball flying out. His teacher believes: "Alan's mind can be jumped like a kitrice." Can "jump" Thinking of Thought, in 1931, I admitted into the Royal College of Cambridge. After graduating from college, he was awarded a teacher. He didn't have a few very much mathematical papers, and was selected as a researcher at the Royal College. It was only 22 years old. To this end, the alma mater of the Turin announced that he was half a day to seductively, and even the Math Temaululusu was also invited to express him. In 1936, London authoritative math magazine received a paper. This paper will never load the history of the computer's development, shining the direction of the modern computer. The parallel is in the view - "On the application of the calculated number and its application in the judgment problem" - seems to have no connection with the computer, however, it is indeed clarifying the manda of modern computer principles, there is someone Remove the name of the paper as "ideal computer." This paper discusses a "draft machine", which is quite opposed to Barbech's practice, and the computer of the Turin is completely paper talk. The "Museum" is characterized by making a program for it, it can assume any work that can be made by other machines. Before the world is still proposing the concept of a general purpose computer, the Tiren has now proved the possibility of it exists. War eruptions make the invenation of the theoretical research work, and assume "super confidential" research at Bretchi Manor. In 1945, "Professor" with the honorary medal granted by the British Empire, was hired for senior researchers for the Tid Don National Institute.

Due to the practice of Bretchi, Alan Tunlin submitted a "automatic computer" design plan, leading a group of excellent electronic engineers, and launched a new computer called ACE. In 1950, the ACE computer prototype public performance was considered to be one of the fastest and powerful electronic computers in the world. It took approximately 800 tubes and the cost is about 40,000 pounds. When the memory device introduced the ACE, "it can be very easy to remember 10 pages in a novel." Obviously, the Ace is more advanced than the memory of the Ecole. In 1950, Turin came to Manchester University, and was designated as the head of the university automatic computer project. In October of this year, another epoch of the paper "machine can think?" The thunder of this article is still shocked by the computer today. It makes the author win a "father" reputation - "The father of artificial intelligence". In 1954, Alan has to enter the 42nd year of his life, Fenghua Zhengmao, rich and rich, is in the peak of the most brilliant creation of life. On June 8, the female supplier of Alan walked into his bedroom. The table lamp was still on, and there was an apple on the bedside. I only ate half. Alan is sleeping in bed, he will fall asleep forever, no longer wake up ... After listening to the introduction of Thin Lingping Weiye, he will feel sincerely, "Press" von Noyman believes than His younger Alan is "computer father", apparently there is sufficient reason. The good things have legends, when World War is coming, Alan has visited von Noman in the United States. The two "computer's father" is a long-term "child" growth and a few days. Alan is talking about how to work, and von Noyman talked about the constructive principle of "Nogan Machine". Two "Tianship" met on the track, and put the darkness of the universe. Outer light. This sounds like a fictional story, unfortunately, no one in the people in the time proves the authenticity of this rumor. 15. Successful prophecies the world's first electronic computer is E cachu, ABC or giant? Is the honor belong to Moceley - Ekrt, Antana Sofl or Flals - Newman? In the early 1960s, the reporter interviewed Dr. Ekte in the inventor of E cachi on this issue. On that day, Dr. Ekrt's smile greeted the door of the office, and came to the "Data Automation" magazine reporter. He seems to have been in the end of the year, and he is almost completely thank you, but it still looks like it. He is not like the old rod, it is always unfolded, always wearing a whole, and the costumes are exemplified. After listening to the reporter's question, Dr. Ekrt is slightly thinking, and then he is endless, such as several "". "Your question is very interesting," Excet said, "If you don't have a second war, if there is no funding of the army, will the electronic computer will be invented?" He took out a detail from the drawer. Refers to one of the pages: "You look, the most amazed thing is that the parts used by the E cachu, including the tube, etc., no one is invented in the inventive in more than ten years or even decades Out, it should be made earlier. "The reporter plus the words:" Can you please tell you more? "" "" Ektega refuses, "need to be a strange thing. I I think, if we don't have a first step in first, we must make others make it! "Dr. Ekte turned out an old photo, that is his and Moceley Another photo taken before the computer. Along this topic, he told reporters to another electronic computer.

That is also in 1948, Moceley and Ekrt bid farewell to the Lecture House of the Moore College, founded the "Mochley-Expert" company in the store of Philadelphia, and the company's main business is two years. The fund is killed in the air. Two invented households had a money, they had to be "Mo-Egypt" by Raymington Land, but they still work closely to develop updated computers for Rand. In the second half of 1952, the United States is busy with the next year's election. The generals of Dulun Men were no longer referred to, and the Republican's presidential candidate was a 62-year-old Eisenhower General. The general of the martial arts, once in the Second World War I, I've been in the Golden Normandy landing, and the Month war was settled, but it would act on the president after returning to the field. No one can take it. At that time, the news media generally optimized the Democratic Party's campaign - the speaker Adelai Stevenson, the public opinion seems to be a little bit. At this time, I didn't know that there was a strange "authoritative spokesman", he biting, the next US president is not "Aike General", and the ballot will be divided with the skelse. The name of "Unfamiliar" is called "Univac", and his forecast is based on the proportion, it is said to be derived with complex mathematical formulas, and the imagination and estimation of non-average people can also be Some people screamed in the roots of the roots, they learned that this "Mr. Yuliwar" did indeed, it was a machine manufactured by Rand, with the famous Calec computer from the same inventors. The results of various public opinions have announced over and over again. All evidence seems to have shown an Ai, and the history of history is extremely strong. People think that Yurovak is just the tricks of the press in the press, because it is based on the basis of it is The five votes are underway. Colombia radio stations have declined to report the forecast results, and Rand's head panicked, ordered the engineers to delete data in Eurevak to maintain consistent with TV online. Who knows Eurewar "Golden Excluding", in the words. The second year is announced, and Eisenhower is a great victory, and the number of votes exceeds five or six times the opponent. Especially wonderful is that Yurov can predict that Eike can get 438 votes, and his actual ticket is 442 votes, only less than one percent error. Colombia radio station suddenly came 180 degrees of big turn, in the evening news, "Holding" on the day, the famous program host Kronate claimed that it is "unparalleled electronic brain." Only the poor engineer of Rand, I walked into the broadcasting room, admitted to the audience that he had a "small action" for the computer. He wanted that Yurikoke came to flow through the wave, and the result was smashed. The predicted successfully pushed Yurik to the unprecedented position, and Raymington Rand has also become one of the most powerful companies in the early computer manufacturing industry. You Cooky and Ekrt were once again treated with Eurewar, a full name of Univac General automatic computer, officially handed over June 14, 1951 to the US Population Statistics Bureau. This machine uses 5,000 tubes, which is a symbol of the first generation tube computer tends to serve in a total of more than 70,000 hours. So, on June 14, this extremely ordinary days were grandly contained in the history of the computer, and international public opinion usually believed: this day, marking human society has entered the computer era! This is because of the beginning of Eurevak, the computer will eventually go out of the scientist's laboratory, directly for the career of millions of people; human beings can proudly claim that they have already had a magical treasure of the ghosts! 16. The father and son have written a foreign-study writer in foreign affairs: "Talk to the computer, can not talk about IBM." More people assert: "The history of the computer is the history of IBM.

"These discussions, although there is a loss of vitality. There is no difference. IBM's history has indeed contains most of the history of computer history. However, in the early 1950s, IBM was almost catching the clock of the computer industry. At the time The industry is transformed. The first generation of "grams" is unearthed after the rains. In addition to E cachu and Yurovak, there is Banak, West Yacik, Strong Niyi ..., at least 6 "Electronics" The title of the title of the title of IBM, Watson, Watson, is sitting on a pin felt. The business manager fires the oil report: Moceley only leverages a written paper, and takes a few largest the national conditions, the Statistics, etc. User. After supporting Aiken completed Mark 1, Watson also made IBM have developed a so-called "best, latest, maximum super computer", which also spent $ 1 million. This machine belongs to tradition The innovative "hodgepodge", 10,000 tubes and more than 20,000 relays are very uncoatable, with a full length of 120 feet. Although the designer is called it "Program Select Computer", the inner lines secretly call it it is "Huge Technology Dinosaur", its speed is far from consisting of Er Ak and Yurovak, which is composed of all tubes. Watson is old, he is a senior for more than 70 years old, and the change is from him to him. He is old, and there are almost no one in the middle of them understand what the electronic computer is, in order to make the "scientific dinosaur" dream come true, the chief designer has to ran to the university to help, and hire a few young people who have just graduated. Because they don't know how to install this novelty. That day, Laoovusen is angry with his engineers, and a young man quietly came in, he would give the old Wovan's backshoot for a battle. This youth. With Watson with a hat, wear a suit, the eyebrow eyebrow a pair of molds, named T.Watson. This person is the old Watson's eldest son, the company executive vice president, people Calling his little Watson. Zi Zi is like a father, Laoovusen's young people in the first time. Swantomo himself admitted that he has passed a typical flower masculine, a disaster, and read the middle school. School, still have several courses, unclear, alcohol abuse habits ... In general, Old Wali Messen's memory, there is always a shadow that is wiped out. Little Waden saw the father's anger, soft His idea: "IBM should take actions. I have went to Pennsylvan. We have to make a similar machine. It is a matter of urgent to buy horses, recruit a large number of young engineers who know the electronic technology from the country. "Old Watson asked:" Do you talk about dozen? I can do it here. "No, at least a few thousand people, IBM engineers must change blood, and they are not returned to the era of knocking into machines." "Old Valsen nodded, he thought silently: Maybe this kid made a reason, let him try it. Xiaovusen is assigned to" distressed ". His father may not know, Shi don't know how to look at it In the past, it has already recasted the soul in the war furnace. Little Wali Mountain has driven a bomber in the 5 years of World War II, and the fireballs have been flying for 2500 hours, and the official to the Air Force is rank. War, make He learned that he had been working hard and bravely, and he also made him learn to organize and unite the part. In May 1950, IBM began to cross the tradition. Xiao Watson first promoted the company's only Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduated Mike Dora is a research supervisor. The latter is in just a few years, for IBM Nets to nearly more than 4,000 energetic young engineers and technicians.

Young people put forward a bold plan: IBM should create a full-purpose scientific computer, only 3 million US dollars designed and manufactured, the entire plan fee will be this number of three or four times! The machine in this plan is a large computer of IBM701. Obviously, the change in IBM is fundamentally, they will give up the perforated card, which is completely unfamiliar with it - the vacuum tube logic circuit, the magnetic core memory, and the tape drive. In the small Watson Eyes, IBM701 is like his beloved B-24 bomber. He must take his new "unit", rush out of "narrow valley" in front of you, strive to soar in the blue sky. In 1953, the first IBM701 arrived in New York, installed on the bottom of the headquarters building. On April 7, IBM's history unveiled a new page. Old Walsen made a decimal number, please go to 150 top US business leaders and scientific Thai, the company's headquarters building squeezes water. At the unveiling ceremony, people saw "the father of computer" von Noman, "the father of the transistor" Xiaochli and the "Atomic Bomb's Father" Aubenhea. The Aubenhemail took a podium. In his congratulatory words, he called the IBM701's research success as "contribution to human extreme wisdom." IBM701 fired, Xiaovusen took the original class to "kill" to a broader market. In August of the year, he announced that IBM702, 50 orders for accounting operations were coming. In the second year, IBM650 medium-sized computers came one after another, with superior performance and cheap prices, once again won the favor of users. This machine, the subsequent sales volume reached thousands, rolled up a "IBM whirlwind". In 1956, the US election, the history is amazingly repeated: Eisenhower is selected, Stevenson will defeat again. However, in the US voters, only the IBM computer is scored on the TV, never seeing the trace of Yurov. At this point, the first round of the computer industry has made IBM "father and son soldiers" to reverse the Qiankun. Some people are resurface: "The history of the computer industry, in a sense, it is the history of the big retreat." Some of the early days of the computer involved in the computer, was forced to roll and slammed the tall. After the big waves, in addition to IBM, the United States only left 7 small companies headed by Relmington Land, resistant to IBM. The news media came up with a wonderful metaphor, and the American computer industry is a fairy tale of "IBM and seven dwarfs". 17. Christmas gifts in 1936, in the US Massachusetts Institute of Mira, known as "cradle of engineers", a non-pleasure of quietly pushed the door of the student dormitory. Guests say he is from the Bell Lab, the famous name is Kelly. The doctoral Zodiac Chille (W.Shockley), who is about to graduate, he has heard the name of the famous physicist. "Young guy, is it willing to work in Bell Lab?" Kelly happiness, did not hide himself to "dig people". Xiaokeley has a heart, in terms of electronics, Bell Lab carried out a largest basic research in the world, and has more than 10,000 inventive patents. Xiao Kli is willing to work in Bell Lab. After graduating, he did not hesitate to play in the line and came to New Jersey. There is another young man in the Bell laboratory seems to be waiting for Xiaokeley, and his name is W. Brattain. Braton has obtained a master's degree in transducance and a Ph.D. in Philosophy, and brought to Bell Laboratory since 1929. Two young people are compliant, and they will see them. Xiaokeley specializes in theory, Braton is good at experimental physics, and the knowledge structure is completed, and there is a feeling of changing the night. In addition to work, they also often gathered together "Dashan".

From the relay on the Bell phone, the vacuum tube invented by Fleming, Dreste, which involves nothing to talk about the hot topics in electrology at that time. Until one day, Xiaokeley said that when "ore", the spark of thought collision finally ignited "chain reaction". Xiaokeley is excited to Braton. It will affect the development direction of future electronics. "Bratatonard god god, and looked at it. If it is not the second world war broke out, Xiaochli and Bratton may have earlier "excavation" to what "treasure", but the war is coming, Xiaochli and Brighton have been sent to the US Navy to engage in military aspects. Research, the semiconductor research project that has just begun regrets to be interrupted by the war. In 1945, the fire-fighting smoke was just dissipated. Xiaokeley rushed back to Bell, and brought another young scientist Pudding (J. Bardeen). Xiaokeley introduced Brataton that Patin is a Ph.D. of Mathematical Physics in Princeton, which is good at solid physics. The arrival of Patama, the follow-up study of Xiao and cloth, such as Tiger, his profound knowledge and solid physics expertise, just make up for the shortcomings of Xiaochli and Bratton's knowledge structure. Bell Lab rapidly approves the solid physics project on the horse, and Kelly is signed in the task book as decision makers. The semiconductor group consisting of Xiaokeli Lead, Bratton, Patin and others, staring at the special "ore". Xiaochli first proposed the "field effect" semiconductor tube experiment plan, but the first battle was lost, and they did not find expected enlargement. Christmas in 1947 is coming, a thin rain, Tuesday, Braton and Patama walked into the laboratory. Prior to this, under the guidance of the theory of Pudding Solid surface, they were almost close to the edge of success. Experiments have shown that as long as the contact points of the two wires are as close as possible, the effect of the semiconductor amplification current may cause the semiconductor. However, how can this contact with this less than 0.4 mm on the surface of the crystal? Braton exquisite experimental skills began to show great might. He stably used a blade on a triangular gold foil, just right to divide the top corner into two, respectively, and then the lead in the surface of the glutinous crystal surface, respectively. The indication of the current table clearly shows that they get a new electronic device with enlarged role! Braton and Pudding excitedly shouted, Xiaokeley, which was heard, was particularly excited for his miracle. Braton wrote this: "Voltage gain 100, power gain 40 ..., the experiment demonstration date on December 23, 1947." As a witness, Xiaokeley signed a name in this note. Braton and Patin finally created the world's first semiconductor amplifier in the night of Christmas, which made a generous gift for the development of human electronic undertakings. They decided to name this device "transistor". In 1948, the U.S. Patent Office approved the invention patents on the transistor. However, the inventors in the Patent Book are only listed in Bratton and Pata. After Xiaokeley, he smiled, he was not discouraged. Under the excitation of the companion, the Shaw Kli rushed to the hemp, and the other "Fortress" in the transistor: he invented a "junction transistor", "Point contact transistor" from Bratton and Patbria Time is only one year. People later said that the junction transistor is the ancestor of the modern transistor. It not only indicates the development direction of semiconductor technology, but also the spiritual reflection of Xiaokeli's tenacity, so that someone has a nickname "Xiaokeley Adhere to the tube. On July 1, 1948, the United States "New York Times" used the space of 8 sentences, and the message of Bell Laboratory invented transistors is shortly published.

It is like 8 heavy bombs, in the world's electronic industry, "detonating" strong shock waves, the electronic computer finally stepped into the threshold of the second generation. In 1954, the Bell laboratory was tapping, using 800 transistors to assemble the first transistor computer TRADIC in history. In 1956, Xiaokeley, Bratton and Patama jointly won the Nobel Prize winner. 18. Single ride giants In 1956, the crystal tube that did not be raised, the big shot into the "Happy Home" of the tube, the computer industry style IBM's small Watson is far-sighted, planning a major initiative for IBM computer replacement, and he announced: "From October 1st, we will no longer design the machine of the tube, all computers to realize crystal management." Three years After the IBM has a total of 0, the IBM has a comprehensive introduction of 7000 series of computers in the 700 series of crystal. The IBM7090 computer with transistors as the main device, replaced the IBM709 tube computer for a year, from 1960 to 1964, has been rushed to the scientific calculation field, and as a typical representative of the second generation of electronic computers, forever Enter the history of the computer. This is the golden season of IBM, which is stable and unscribed, alone. It boarded the top of the list of 500 companies in the United States, which hits two-thirds of the market in the US computer. Its business logo and commodity symbol - IBM, three English uppercase letters, each word is made up of eight blue strips; its sales staff, lap blue suit, lined with snow white shirt. Blue, putting out the IBM's unspeakable contour, people start calling it to "blue giants". When the "seven dwarfs" only "Blue Giant" horse is looking forward, there is no one to fight out and compete if there is anyone else. "No!" As early as in winter in 1953, he was in the IBM laboratory gate. He has a unsolicient engineer almost age, firmly swear: "I want to defeat IBM on the IBM site." Although that At the time, he only had one person, and almost there was no texture, his great name called Ken Olsen. Olsen is an engineer who grows in the atmosphere of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Graduates from Mihua Institute of Technology use von Noyman as an iconic, hoping to be a real computer scientist. However, Olsen biased "Sea", he decided to bid farewell to the research work and create your own computer company. Make this decision take hundreds of thousands of dollars. In 1957, the 31-year-old Olsen and partner Anderson, drilling into the Lake Star Library, from several business management textbooks, "copy" back to a "business plan". With the "Business Knowledge" of just learned, they ran to an venture capital company to apply for loans. Just like Aiken, I only broke into the IBM headquarters, so that Old Watson took Mark No. 1, Olsen must also convince the general manager of Ard Investment Company, Doriot, who opened the door to see himself. "In my opinion, your company has a financial statistics table or a roster. There is no need to use millions of dollars of large computers. We can make a cheaper than IBM, managed by users Small computer. I believe that all people can communicate with the machine. There are many very important things in the world, in fact, it can be solved in very simple way. "Doriot is gradually fascinated by Olsen, but He still felt that the two youth fronts were too reveal, and the blue giants IBM were not fun.

"I can raise 70,000 yuan for you, but" Doriot said slowly, "You can't use the 'computer' to do the company name, the board will never believe that the giants like General Electric Co., Ltd. planted the head. In the computer industry, what you can do. "Olsen picked up the conditions, August 1957, his company -" Digital Equipment "is listed in the south of Boston, opens, enterprises The name of English abbreviation is DEC, D is a number, e is a device and c is a company. Olsen adheres to the promise, there is no "computer" shadow on the DEC signboard to manufacture electronic equipment, and Olsen will take the computer dreams. One year later, the company only had 12 people, and sold nearly 100,000 yuan. When the wings of DEC gradually, they quietly started the computer development. In 1959, the first full transistor computer assembly of DEC was completed. In order not to attract IBM, Olsen gives it a "program data processor", referred to as PDP-1. The volume of PDP-1 has only one refrigerator size, and the user can observe the entire process of machine processing data from the fluorescent screen, which is the first "face" computer on the market. The PDP-1 computer has grown in the clause, and 53 in the wind, it has risen the DEC sales line, and the miracle of $ 6.5 million in the 5th year. In 1965, when the integrated circuit was found, DEC did not miss the world to announce the world, it produced a low price, most powerful PDP-8 integrated circuit computer. People have begun to understand the information brought by PDP-8. That year, the "mini skirt" in the street, the girls competed to wear a short-lived skirt, lively and light, which is so charming. The news media puts the PDP-8 and IBM's large-scale computers, and the drama called it "mini machine." "Mini" is "small", this machine, small and exquisite, 61 cm long, 48 cm wide, 26 cm; price is only 10,000 US dollars. Newspapers and magazines a bee to log out the article, the title is the "advent of the small computer era". Thereafter, PDP is purchased thousands of companies, schools and research sections. By the end of the 1960s, DEC has risen to the small computer and drives about more than 70 companies to produce such machines. As a result, Olsen won the reputation of "the father of the small machine". In the 1970s, DEC concentrated on the development of PDP-11 and VAX-11/780 two series of small machines. With the development of integrated circuits, small machines are widely popular, and DEC has increased rapidly with an average annual rate of 36%. In 1987, the 30th year of the company was established, its annual income exceeded $ 9.3 billion, a profit broke through 1 billion, and the employee reached 120,000, and became the world's second largest computer company with IBM, reaching the brilliant peak. 19. The birth of Silicon Valley January 1, 1939, two college graduates in a simple car library, to throw a coin, the name of the founding company; 50 years later, this garage is confirmed as American plus Welfare State Historical Cultural Relics - Silicon Valley Birth, it greatly affects the process of computer development. The birth of Silicon Valley must be taught from Stanford University. This has been more than 100 years of history, when the Swedish King visited the school in 1984, there were 10 Nobel bonuses that were still in the year. It is a private university that the US Railway Dawang Stanfu is a single son who has fallen earlier. Stanford was 50,000 hectares of the year, and the school was selected for San Francisco's approximately 50 kilometers south, centered on Palo Alto, including approximately 20 kilometers wide. Valley.

The land is fertile, the climate is warm and pleasant, and the fruit trees are planted everywhere, the most prestigious specialty is a plum. Among the famous professors of Stanford University, people have heard of the name of Temman, but not very clear that he has a son named Fred Temman (F.Terman). Xiaomeman has a lot of young diseases. When she raises the radio at home, I will choose the electrical engineering when I apply for the university, so I didn't inherit the parent. Fred Trima went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study the doctor, the mentor is the Professor Bush, analog computer. Bush repeatedly emphasized that college should not be a ivory tower for specialization, it is necessary to develop and apply scientific and technological achievements. After graduation, Temman returned to Stanford, hired as a radio professor, he was modest and whispered. The students said: Mr. TM may not be a great scientific inventor, but he is indeed a master of the natural teaching. At the end of the 1930s, the Professor Temmer was determined by the deputy principal of Stanford University, and his boldly made decisions: odd land, attracting investment, transfer technology, development results; he is full of confidence : Palo Altome Turning will be born with a high-tech "Stanford Industrial Park". In the university park, the first "eating crab" needs courage. Tmman thought of his two diverse students, immediately called them to the office. The first door, the thin tall, the other person, but the height is not the shoulder of the former. TMM is very familiar with students: short Hip Di (W. Hewllet), read secondary school, special obsessiveness to radio, and modified the attic at home into a radio; high Paack D. Packard, With Hip Got, I met the football court of Stanford University, because of the common hobbies of radio and sports, they became a touchless friend. At present, the two friends are reading a master's degree in front of them. They are a scholarship arranged by TM, and they also have elected a professor opened an electronic course. TM said to Humite: "I remember your master's thesis is" Research of variable frequency oscillator ", can you make it?" Histe replied: "I have already made a The prototype, the cost is only 55 yuan ... "Pakad rushed to say:" I went to the store to see the price, similar things to sell 500 yuan. We are looking for you to discuss, can help recommend it to some Manufacturer. "Temfon shakes his head, mean asking:" Do you haven't thought about another outgoing road? "Histe looked at Papaard, and his courage to teach:" We are very wanting to do The company, however, there is no funding, nor does it know your opinion. "TM heard this, couldn't help but show you:" I just want you to take the lead! As for money, I still have a little in the future. Method. "" Temman's support is 538 yuan. Two youth returned to Pakat home, cleaned up a car library, hanging out the signboard of Humid-Pacad company. The company's name is the first letter "HP" of the two people, and Chinese translated "HP". Pakad's newlywed wife Lucy had to go out to work, providing meager living expenses for this "business". The first product made by HP-made an audio oscillator made of electronic management, just touched Disney Company to shoot cartoons waiting for the use of such an instrument, and sell 8 sets. Since then, they have developed electronic calculators and other products, unable to receive: In 1940, the automobile library was moved; the first building of the company in 1942; in 1951, sales reached 5.5 million yuan.

Professor TMI is more happy than students. He speaks the "myth" of HP, and advocates all kinds of advantages near the University Office. "Go to Histe or Pakad talk," Tmann said, "" With HP as an example, you will be successful. "Kung Fu pays off, Temman is carefully broadcast seed, constantly Germination, flowering, result. In 1955, there have been 7 companies to come to the factory. In 1960, it has been established in 1965 Stanford Industrial Park. He has concentrated nearly 70 high-tech enterprises, and Xiangxing is watching Stanford. the University. The orchard of Santa Clara disappeared, and the generation is a row of non-smoking factories built by glass and steel. The modern architectural group snuggled between the green hills, the spider web-like highway connected to the birds and flowers in the mountains. In the 1980s, nearly 3,000 electronic computer companies were gathered here, and if they calculated such as marketing, consulting, public relations, investment and other industries, the total number of companies in this narrow zone exceeded more than 8,000. The news reporter wrote excitedly: "The people here are far from turning the sand into gold, they have turned the sand into intelligence." Santa Clara Valley became a magical land of the world, became the base of the computer. Because of the company, most of them are closely related to the silicon transistors and silicon chips, since 1971, people changed a Santa Clara Valley to the Yunxiao - "Silicon Valley". HP companies starting with 538 yuan, now there are 100,000 employees, thousands of products, hundreds of output, billions of electronic computer multinational groups. At the beginning of the 1980s, HP has taken the first joint venture in China with a courageous posture. Humiit and Pakat did not forget the portrait of the teacher. They donated millions of Stanford universities. A modern "TM Building" was stunned, and people respectfully called Temmans "Silicon Valley's father." 20. The genius "Eight Income" In 1955, Dr. Xiaokeley of the Invention Transistor returned to the hometown of Santa Clara, and the Professor Zhongtman is the Silicon Valley Nets, and the "Wutong Tree" of Xiaokeli, why not Go to the group "Phoenix"? The world's electronic science community is anxiously focused on the whereabouts of Xiaokeley. It is said that when Newton announced that it is preparing to build a factory in his hometown, it is also such a mentality. Sure enough, the news from the Silicon Valley of Wangchi: Xiaochley Semiconductor Lab is established. Soon, because of the big name of "The Father of Transistors", the job hunting is flying to the Shawli office desk. In the second year, the eight young scientists headed by N. NOYCE, Moore (G.moore), one after another, and their age is under 30 years old, and the wind is righteous. Cheng, is in the peak of creativity. Among them, there is a double doctoral degree, there is engineer from the big company, with a professor of famous universities. Xiao Kli Hui's eye of the Yingkai, youth people are also sincerely feeling, in the future, we must be with Xiaokeley to rewrite the history of human electronic century. This feeling will soon be verified: In November, Stockholm called long distance calls, Dr. Xiaokeley won the Nuiber Physical Award. Young people surrounded by a scientific master to Paloato, in the city's most desirable "Dena Lodge" wine at the city, celebrating with champagne, and celebrated their "leaders". The 29-year-old Novis respectfully toast from Dr. Xiaokeley, he is the "elder" in eight people. After obtaining a Ph.D. in Solid Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a small company was chosen, because only in the small company, he may be unique, just as a scientist, as an entrepreneur, and got full exercise . Novis is the most determined "speaker".

The first thing to fly behind San Francisco is that the pouring a capsule purchases the residence, and finally decided to settle forever, and then I will go to Jochle. What work environment, condition, treatment, one is completely unknown. Other seven youths come to Silicon Valley to see similar to Novis. After the employees, Xiaochley ordered a large number of transistors in the laboratory to reduce costs to every 5 points. However, Although Xiao Kli is ambitious, it is not a good for management, and the production command to produce the laboratory will not be able to persuade the goodwill of others. Tmman later commented: "Xiaokeley is very attractive person in the eyes of the talented young people, but they are very difficult to talk to him." The young man is completely disappointed: A year, the laboratory has no The product that took the shot came out. In 1957, the seven people in the eight youth secretly gathered together, and the Measures of Shaoxley discussing "rebellion". I want to think about it, I decide myself. They also don't understand production management. Everyone agrees to "Be" Novis, and he seems to be a person who can lead. Nothing to get to Noshen, I have already born "external mind". When the eight youth jointly handed on the resignation, Xiaokeley could not help but be a hot. "You are just a group of traitors!" Xiaokeley pointed to Novis's nose, anger. The young people face each other, but it is still unstead of returning their "Bole". This is the interesting talked about the "eight major traitors" known to the computer history, but Xiaochley has also changed their mouths to "the ten genius rebellious". The Shaw Keli laboratory was not complete because of the main backbone. In 1960, it was closed in 1968. After the laboratory building has been transformed, it becomes an electronic audio store, which is sold by the Shawli invent of transistor equipment. Dr. Xiaokeley himself "Sea" has failed, turned around "on the shore", please be a honorary professor by Stanford University. Novis and the other seven "rebellious" did not "desperate the world", they iron my heart, be sure to do a name in Silicon Valley. A photographic equipment company is willing to investigate and develop in Silicon Valley investment in the Silicon Valley. Since the company's boss is called Fairchild, the Chinese translation is "Fairy Tong", "Sutracting", the newly opened company is named Xian Tong Semiconductor. In October 1957, Xian Tong also leases the next cottage in Wangshan, which is almost far from the Shuckli Laboratory and HP. "Fairy" discussed to make a double-proliferated primer transistor so as to replace the traditional germanium material, which is a project that they have not completed in the Shawli laboratory but not by Xiaokeli. Novis gave the partners, which were responsible for "diffusion crafts" by Herni and Moore, and he belongs to Raster to specialize in "flat photography technology", and other people are also divided. Under the careful operation of Nos, the company's business has developed rapidly, and the employees have increased to more than 100 people. At the same time, a set of planar treatment techniques for producing silicon transistors are also mature. Herni is the leader in the "Fairy Tong". He is like a magic generally squeezing the oxide layer of the silicon surface to the maximum. The transistor manufacturing method of Novis et al. Is also different from the people. They first paint transistor structure on transparent materials, then use the way, develop the structure on the surface oxide layer of the silicon wafer, corroding the unwanted graphics Afterwards, those particles having semiconductor properties are then diffused onto the silicon sheet. Oxidation, photographic, etching, diffusion, semiconductor plane treatment technology seems to have opened a wonderful door for "Fairy", and they suddenly saw a vast space: since this method can be a transistor, why can't you Dozens of wafers, hundreds, or even thousands? On January 23, 1959, Novis recorded this flash idea in detail in the diary.

21. Simultaneous inventions of the Xinkley invented the transistors compared to the tube, it is indeed much smaller, but as the computer function is getting stronger and stronger, the longer the "head" is, the longer the greater. Take a medium-sized computer as an example, hundreds of thousands of transistors plus resistance capacitors, and its number of electronic components has grown to millions. In the past, people's disadvantages and blame of the tubes were now allocated to the transistor. The historical drama repeatedly repeatedly, Xiaokeley returned to the university forum, the transistor moved to the end of the poor. Computer components, it is still inevitably facing historical changes. Just when the fairy tapi company is still bold, the integration test of the transistor has been quietly carried out in the Texas instrument company. Texas Instrument Corporation is referred to as TI, located in Dallas City, Texas, USA. After the invented transistor of Xiaochli, TI took the lead in developing the first transistor radio. In July 1958, Dallas weather was hot, TI announced a long holiday, and most employees were so high to leave their positions. In a short, there is only one young people named Kilby (J. Kilby). Kilbe 35 years old, to TI is less than two months, and there is no pleasure to enjoy the pleasure. People go to the building, but give him a chance to think and trial. When reading in secondary school, Kilbe's father expected that he can admit the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and become an excellent electronic engineer. The results of the exam, the result of consistently excellent Kille, must enter the University of Illinois in the University of Illinois. However, good scholars can find the source of wisdom, and engineers are not necessarily in "cradle". Cool Element of Electronics, found "New World" from the thoughts of British scientists Damad. As early as 1952, Damada has pointed out that the transistor composed of semiconductor can be assembled to a piece of plate and the semiconductor may even constitute a resistor capacitor or the like. Kilby is secretly thinking, don't look at the transistor, which really works, just a small crystal, less than one mm size, and useless brackets, the housing takes a majority volume. Kilbe has taken 10 years in a small laboratory, engaged in transistor hearing aids and other electronic processes, accumulating rich practical experience. TI is currently handed over to his task to squeeze many individual transistors into a small space, making a "micro-mode assembly" for the military. Kili thought, with its painstaking, all of them, why not do it directly on the small top? Now, the opportunity seems to come. Kilbe originally envisaged the silicon material production circuit, but TI did not have this suitable silicon wafer, he had to use ruthenium to experiment. Finally, he successfully formed several transistors, resistance, and capacitors on a piece of ruthenium, and using a hot welding method with a very thin wire. The first "integrated" solid circuit in the world is born on this tiny tablet, on the area of ​​no more than 4 square millimeters, Kilbe is approximately more than 20 components. On February 6, 1959, Kili declared patents to the U.S. Patent Office, which is called "semiconductor integrated circuit", which is a "semiconductor integrated circuit", is a "oscillator" for radio equipment. Coincidentally, when Kilbe is in the battle of Dallas, the "fairy tare" of Silicon Valley has also come to the edge of the development of the integrated circuit. When the news of the Kilbe inventory is passed from Dallas to Silicon Valley, Novis can not help but surprise, he is called the "fairy child" to negotiate countermeasures. Kilbe is a problem, such as silicon material problems, two diffusion and wires connected to each other on silicon wafers, etc., is the good show of fairy taps. Nooss proposes a method of evaporating the deposited metal instead of the heat welding wire, which is the best way to solve the components interconnect. Xian Tong is starting to work hard.

On July 30, 1959, they also applied to the US Patent Office for invention patents, and the time is half a year late late. As a result, the two companies played the lawsuit for the power of the inventive power of the integrated circuit. In fact, in the manufacture of integrated circuits, Novis and Kilby's methods are different. In 1966, Kilbe and Nosa were also enrolled by the Franklin Association to awarded the Balanin medal. Kilbe is known as "the first integrated circuit of the inventor" and Novis is known as "proposes for industrial production. People of integrated circuit theory. In 1969, the final judgment under the court was legally actually recognized that the integrated circuit was a simultaneous invention, Kilbee and Novis' s great names and the development of the development of electronics and computers. The integrated circuit starts to start the third generation history of the directors. In 1961, Texas Instrument Co., Ltd. cooperated with the US Air Force, only in less than 9 months, developed a computer that successfully assembled with integrated circuits. The machine has a total of 587 integrated circuits, which is less than 300 grams, which is less than 100 cubic centimeters, and only 16 watts of power. Interestingly, the fairy tap of "eight genius rebels", performing another comedy of "big rebellion" in Silicon Valley. The 4 people headed by Herni first left, founding Anelo, it is said that there are more than 12 new companies that Herney will make a new company; others have also left, and have found several semiconductor companies. Xian Tong Company is deserved is Silicon Valley's "West Point Military Academy", Silicon Valley, half of the Silicon Valley, half of the Direct or Indirect descendants of Xian Tong. 22, 50 billion "bet" in 1995, the highest scientist in the US prize, the Ball Science Award, first awarded a computer scientist, Professor Brooks from the University of North Carolina, from the 1960s, he was people "The father of IBM360". However, the history book records "the father of IBM360", and another computer expert Amdar (J.Amdahl). The IBM360 large computer system made with integrated circuits is indeed a special status in the history of computer development. At the beginning of the 1960s, President of IBM, Xiaovusen, was close to the age of "knowing the life", driving IBM's huge air boat, responsible, and the sense of mission is stressed in the heart. In the face of intense competition in the computer industry, a new idea is brewing in his mind, and he lets the secretary call the company's vice president Larserson. The instructions of Little Wadisen are developed by the integrated circuit, and the outdated transistor machine is eliminated as soon as possible. Lalese immediately formed an engineering committee to study new machine solutions. After several seminars, the Committee could not achieve consensus. After two months, the program has not been taken. Lalesen has a fire to the members: "You are all moving into the hotel, can't do anything, no one will go home!" Lalen sent the engineer to Connecticic, "Guanjin" In the hotel. On December 28, 1961, a report of a 12-sheet paper was completed, and the black body title was "IBM360 system electronic computer". The new computer system uses 360 name, indicating a circle 360 ​​degrees. It also represents the full-scale application of 360 computers from the industrial and commercial industry, and also means IBM's aim: for users. Lalerson's rough estimated cost: 500 million, production equipment, 1 billion, sales and rental mat 35 billion - 360 plans need to invest 50 billion! It is to know that the "Manhattan Engineering" of the first atomic bomb has also used 2 billion US dollars. The US press is shocked. The headline title of "Happy" magazine is: "IBM's 5 billion yuan gambling!" Xiaovianson also admitted that this is the "one biggest, most adventurous decision" in his life. The next step is the coach for 360 color technology technology.

The head of the supervisor design project is Brooks, and he has developed the first interactive system on the supercomputer. When you use the user, you can see the screen display at the same time, and he also proposes many modern computers. New concept of architecture. Brooks is responsible for coordinating 4 groups of work, three of whom are leading Dr. Amdar. Dr. Amdar was 40 years old. The last turtle computer IBM709 of IBM company is from his hand; after it is, he is still a designer that is the first full transistor computer IBM7030. Lalesen, Brooks and Amdar et al. Have repeatedly discussed 360 system technical issues. Finally, they put forward a new idea - IBM360 must be a "compatibility" product. Compatibility will mean that although 360 system computers have great differences on the model, they must be able to handle the same instructions in the same way, enjoys the same software, configure the same disk, tape drives, and printers, and Mutual connection work together. At that time, only 20 models of the IBM company's transistors, software and external equipment could not be used interchangeably, bringing users to make great inconvenience. "Compatibility" is a great concept change. It gives the technological progress of modern computer development, and it is still playing a huge role. The first challenge of 360 computers is IBM must make itself its own integrated circuit because they can't buy ready-made chips. In the past, a new factory was built, and IBM is not under the words. However, the newly built circuit manufacturing plant, the production environment is extremely harsh, and there is no dust in the workshop, just like building a large surgery room, cost exceeding the four or five times of ordinary factory. Develop a 360 computer's biggest obstacle or software. In order to make the software can apply to all computers, millions of computer instructions must be prepared. More and more software engineers invested in writing procedures, up to 2,000 people, making software development more than hardware, computer machine itself. Huge spending, even Xiaovisen is also shocked. He joked at the evening meeting: "Before a few months, IBM's budget on 360 software is 40 million. Yesterday I asked Liernson, how much did you need? He tells me to spend 50 million. This afternoon, Just in this conference room, I asked the software development person in charge. He replied that at least 60 million is enough. It seems that as long as I keep asking, IBM is too impossible to send salary. " Jokes, IBM spends a huge fees spent on 360 computer software, with a total of 500 million! On April 7, 1964, after 4 years of wind and rain, the 50th anniversary of the Old Valsen created company, IBM Division's 5 billion "big gambling" won it 360 system computer. IBM360, a total of 6 models of large, medium, small computers, and 44 new supporting equipment, which are neatly discharged in a large hall. From a 360/51 type small machine with a weaker function, it is a "compatible machine" that exceeds 51 500 times the 360/91-type machine. It is also an advent of a new era, IBM360 marks the third-generation computer officially boarded the historical stage. In order to celebrate its birth, IBM held a press conference in 63 cities and 14 countries, respectively, and nearly 10,000 people visited the event. In New York, Xiaovisen personally rented a special train, led more than 200 reporters, and the laboratory to IBM Bakitui. He is solemn to the world: "This is the most important epoch product since its establishment." Within 5 years, IBM360 has sold 32,300 units, created the miracle in electronic computer sales. Soon, the IBM370 machine compatible with 360 compatibility is coming, and the highest-end 370/168 model has reached 2.5 million per second.

23, the predecessor of the giant Kreach IBM, Little Divo, who had been in his life. In the years of the IBM, there is a computer company like "biting a walnut", which is always let him be Pregnant. Just on the "battlefield" of the giant machine, IBM once lost to the total sales of only 1/15 opponents. The giant machine is also called a super computer, a super large machine, which is in the computer's family, the maximum operational speed is the highest, and the system has the highest level. The giant machine is mainly used in defense research, aerospace, meteorological forecasting, etc., which requires high-speed processing of massive data, and some people call them "data phagocitation machine". Although the giant machine is powerful, the structure is complex, the cost is huge, and it is not easy to develop. At the end of the 1950s, the US Atomic Energy Commission urgently needs a super computer, and the speed was higher than the best computer at the time, and the Los Alamos nuclear weapon laboratory naturally went straight to IBM. IBM is named Stretch for this computer, meaning "extended" new technologies. Little Waden guarantees that: "Extending" The speed of the computer will be 100 times faster than the IBM existing machine. However, in 1961, when the first STRETCH computer was transported to Los Alamos, it did not meet the original design requirements, and the speed is only 60% of the original idea. IBM has to reduce the "expansion" price from 1.35 million yuan to 8 million, and can only recover costs. The "extended" machine has produced 5 units and has caused more than 20 million US dollars. The Blue Giant is in the field of giant machine, which is in the dilemma of the immortal Valley, so that other computer makers have auxiliary palpitations, and they don't dare to go forward. In 1960, a small computer company that was established for three years, intended to pick up the US Atomic Energy Board from IBM, which was involved in the supercomer of uncomfortable insurance. This name "Control Data Company" computer rookie, English abbreviation CDC, is created by William Norres. Norres himself is a scholar. In 1957, he took Rand's computer engineer to the standing portal, which is the same year of Olsen hanging out of the DEC signature to be involved in the same year. He followed the engineers of Norres, there was a doctor named Simon Krev, graduated from the University of Minnesota, only 31 years old, led the chief designer of CDC. In the face of IBM aggressive 360 ​​programs, his entrepreneurial 创 创 创 制 创, 就 就 就 就 就 就 就 就 就 就 域 域 计划 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 域 领 领 域 域 领 域 "Go ahead to dangers". Control Data Company has established a Giant Machine Research Institute according to Kle's judgment. However, the SLD CDC can focus on all of the troops only, 15 engineers, 4 programmers. Their qualifications are shallow, and even Kle, only 2 doctors. Kreche's determination of "The Water Battle" with these more warriors "hidden" in the depths of Wisconsin. The whole four years of spring is coming to winter, they will decline all the social interactions, and they will bury their heads in the day, making parts, and assemble the machine. Even the famous academic groups must issue medals for Kreth, and he will not throw a head. To this end, the computer community has taken a nickname to Dr. Kray - "Jungior". In August 1963, the control data company grabbed it before IBM360, unexpectedly announced the success of the first super computer CDC6600. This type of computer has only 7 million, but the function is three times higher than IBM's "extended" computer, and the computing speed is 3 million per second. Kray did not master more advanced components. He made a significant improvement in the Norman Machine program in this machine, and cleverly adopted a central processor and 10 peripheral processor "parallel". Just like a group of ants surrounded by big bones, smashing the speed of the giant machine. The IBM "Dynasty" is shocked.

Xiaovisen made a memorandum to the company's senior leaders, and he was excited: "We are a fund, the person is very strong, I am unbelieving, why can't IBM lead ahead in the super computer? To know, control data company There are 34 people, including a total of 34 people. "This subsequent information was added to the" Wonderful Memorandum "title, and the voice broke the frustrated mood of IBM. In 1969, the "Jungs Hermit" also launched an improved CDC7600 giant machine, and orders in European and American countries came. So, in the 1960s, control data company monopoli market, from a large-scale company with 60 million large companies with annual sales. Strong IBM has not been able to make a super computer for a long time. In the end, even Xiaovuses had to admit: "In this field, IBM cannot compete with CDC", once again "retreat three". In 1972, "The Father of Giant Machines" Krevinist Sifers Physical Data Company, the original "Kra Research Company" named after his own name, specializing in the giant computer. In 1975, the global super computer "CRAY-1" was completed in his hands. In 1985, he launched a more functional "Cray-2" (CRAY-2), the first time installed in the US NATM, the wind tunnel experiment of the aerospace plane. In the 1980s, Krai sold later, the giant machine sold accounted for 70% of the total number of giant machines worldwide. Kray No. 1 realized that there was no exceptional super high speed at that time - it sustainable 10 million computing per second, equivalent to 40 times the IBM370 computer. The speed of Krei No. 2 is more on the upper floor, and its maximum ability can be 1.2 billion per second. Compared with their functions, the Krem is a small and exquisite. For example, Kle No. 1, it looks like a set of open sofa chairs, the sofa stands with 12 "large wardrobe", covering less than 7 square meters, no more than 5 tons. In those "large wardrobes", Clet 1 has a total of approximately 350,000 integrated circuits installed. After all, the super computer has its "super" side - Krei No. 1 consumption is up to 115 kW, which is different from the Eesk. If you want to have a smartly Krere think of the method of cooling the pipeline with the vintage refrigerator to solve the cooling, the calories that Kray No. 1 will burn the floor. Kle No. 2 has higher requirements for heat dissipation. After walking three detours, Kle finally filled its outer casing full of liquid fluorinated carbon to achieve the ideal cooling effect. In 1989, due to their differences, Krene withdrew from the Krea Research Company, and established another "Kray Computer Company" and concentrated on his "Cray-4" (CRAY-4). This machine program uses 64 processor parallel processing, which will reach 128 billion per second. The strange thing is that there is no Krere Research Company, but continues to maintain prosperity; and Krek's Kref computer company has fallen into a difficult situation due to technical decision-making mistakes. Kle started the age of 60 years old. In the field of computer, don't say that the old man of the year of the flower armor, even the person who "knows the life" age may also know what is "God". On October 5, 1996, full of expectation and helplessness and helplessness of "Kray 4" machine, Dr. Kere, 71 years old "Giant Machine", the death of the brain caused by the car accident. Clee Research without Krei continued to create a cause of Dr. Kray, and strive to manufacture so-called "ultimate computers".

In December 1996, when "Kray No. 1" came to Los Alamos 20th anniversary, the company chose the development strategy of giant SGI companies in the field of graphics computer, set the technical strength and development of two companies. A super computer with 256 processors and is also installed in the US National Lab, which plans to increase the processor of this system in 1999 to 4096 units, and the calculation speed reached 30 million. The US Department of Energy announced that it is the next 10 years of goals, it is to develop a giant computer system for 1 million billion times per second, and he has heard that people are incredible. 24, broke the super new star IBM called the giant, actually lost in a small control data company CDC in the giant machine area. In the field of small machines, "The backyard" of "Older" DEC has also "fire", which is never always windy. At the end of the 1960s, DEC has won the "IBM" of "small machine IBM" because of the development of small computers. Olsen handed the curtain of the small machine era, put the PDP-8 to the stars, unable to think, a constellation called "NOVA" suddenly broke out, became the "companion" struggle of PDP-8. Nova is the noun of astronomy, and Chinese is translated as "new star." A naked eye can't see, no one should pay attention to the star, suddenly the brightness, the brightness increased tens of thousands of times to hundreds of thousands of brightness in the 2nd day, this is the new star. There is a book written by the introduction of the company's technical history published by Digital Equipment. One of the teachers, only 20 years old, only 20 years old. Castro went to DEC after graduating from Lowell University in 1960, just became the 100th employee of the company. He participated in the development of early PDP-5 computers, and proposed the idea of ​​developing new machines, and it should be the main designer of PDP-8 computers. However, in Olsen, Castro is an engineer who loves trouble and often does not follow the working procedures to do things, always like new generation. The person in charge advised Olsen to say: "Let him try it, we will close one eye." Alsen although he barely agreed, but he sent him a head boss to prevent this "Wild horses" dislocated. Castro, and some of the other engineers who have designed the design team, getting more and more suffocating. After the new computer PDP-8 is completed by them, 120% of DEC, did not receive appreciation and encouragement. In contrast, Olsen refused another research program proposed by Castro, and hurt his heart. Under the arrival of Castro, he left, he also took three people such as Berkart, Sogg. These youth engineers are determined to open a company, "burning" in the backyard of DEC "." In April 1968, Castro went to Madox, Hudson, and lease the old house of a beauty salon. Hudson was tightly relying on Dec, Decnad City, and they came to the heart, and they should do one with Olsen "needle tip to Mai Mang". The name of the new company registered should not have the word "computer". You are called "Digital Equipment Company". I am called "General Data Company"; your English abbreviation is DEC, my English abbreviation is DGC, only one letter. General Data Company is of course a small machine. In 1969, Castro launched a small computer series, name is NOVA. The new star computer combines the latest achievements of integrated circuit chip technology, compared to the PDP series of digital equipment companies, and there are many integrated blocks used, while other parts are small. A user has evaluated the road after watching the machine: "The success of the NOVA machine lies in its structure.

"So, DGC sold 200" new stars "in the first year, and successfully entered DEC's universal world, became the most red fire in 1969. The most annoyed Olsen, the most annoyed Castro In his opinion, it is a crime. At the size of him. At the size meeting, Olsen has repeatedly predicted: "Nova is just a blindly running meteor, it will suddenly appear suddenly. "He asked the sales manager to inform DEC's customers to protect the" meteor ". Where know, Olsen's intention has a good intention, and the new star" Lift ". An old customer ran to ask:" Please tell I, where is the general data company, or how can we prevent it? "Another old acquaintance also called:" You know how much DGC's phone number is, or how can we not call the number? "Customers then flocked to Hudson Town, said to Castro:" Olsen said that you are very bad, the machine is not good, we are special to see it. "New Star Nova of General Data Company finally broke out. Nova300, Nova800, Nova1000 ... 500 companies ranks, although ranked 500th. The two adjacent small computers, who have been struggling for more than 10 years, until the early 1980s, Olsen's DEC is not easy to earn troubles, and lead again Yuastro's DGC Company. 25, Wang An 's Tragedy Class 190s, Wang'an small computer named DEC and NOVA small machine, especially Wang Anwen processing machine based on small computers, once in the first The three generations of computer history books wrote a brilliant page; Dr. Wang An, this famous American computer industry "Dragon's pass", has also invented the computer magnetic core memory with the Chinese genius wisdom, so that The name is listed in the US Inventor Memorial Hall, which became the 69th largest inventor after Ai Di and others, and won the award of the US "Presidential Freedom Medal". As early as 1948, Dr. Aken, inventing Mark 1眼 英,, 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 王 履 履 履 履 履 履 履 履 履 履 履 履 履 王 王 王 王 王 王Harvard, from the master's degree, the doctor's degree was only used for 16 months. During the Harvard student, Wang An, who always pays attention to the computer development, knows that the memory is very efficient, the amount of mercy-off meridian. He is in After reading a report, the library introduced the German report, which may be able to open up new roads for the development of the memory. For three weeks later, Wang Ang in the laboratory, wakes up the exploration of magnetic materials, and finally The ferrite was made into a small magnetic core in diameter. Wang An invented the magnetic core, which caused a revolution in computer memory, ruled that the memory field was nearly 20 years. The huge social response promoted Wang An The inventions are transformed into technology products. In June 1951, Wang An Huai took only $ 600 in the $ 600, and his wife, unswervingly jumped into the "Shanghai". His business in the South District of Boston There is a handwritten signboard, the laboratory is opened, only one table, a chair, a telephone inside, hire a salesman, only one magnetic core product, Wang An itself uses the iron soldering iron At the end of the year, he was happy with his mouth. "The company" earned about $ 3,000, although this profit does not have the annual salary of Harvard University. In 1952, IBM purchased the magnetic core. Use the right to use Wang An has a startup fund.

In 1955, Wang An Lab renamed Wang An Computer Co., Ltd., resolutely determined the production of traditional product magnetic cores in the lower horse, and developed the Loci logarithm and 300 series programmable calculator for scientific and technicians based on the needs of users. Due to its full function, it is cheap, it is popular among users. In 1967, the company's stock was first launched, and the stockholders were generally optimistic, and 400,000 stocks snapped up a few hours, so that the company's assets appreciated by nearly 80 million US dollars. Soon, Wang An was sent out to investigate the survey of the market and reported to him that a fact that was ignored: all the secretarial staff of all the office, only "fixed assets" is worth a few hundred yuan, its work efficiency is low A distinct contraction between the task is heavy. As a result, "text processing computer" is gradually maturing in Wang An's mind. He convened Kebu, Molos and other masters to quickly design and develop, and launched the world's first editing, search and other functions in 1975. New text processor. In the past, Wang'an Enterprise was called "Computer Company" a contrary, and it has changed its "text processing company" because the Office of the White House is competed in the Office of the State Governor. Wang An has continuously expanded the results of the performance, in 1976, Wang An moved his headquarters to Rowwell City, built a modern computer manufacturing plant, designed and produced VS computer series, of which VS300 is small The computer is a market best-selling hand. At this point, his company has established a branch of manufacturing, selling products and after-sales service in more than 100 countries and regions, making a world-famous multinational computer industry group, with more than 30,000 employees, with a turnover of up to 3 billion US dollars. The strength is already able to fight against the computer giant IBM. In February 1984, a computer advertisement was published on major commercial newspapers in the United States: "Please try to try it, we will blow the IBM one wind on your order!" This shows that "bold "Wang Anshi" publicly opened to the blue giant "under the war list". however. When Wang An decided to "truly crusade", the results of the trial of the truth, but made a decision of "not compatible with IBM's PC", this is really "unpacking, full of power." Wang An's strategy is fatal. By the late 1980s, due to IBM and many compatible machine manufacturers, PC and software standardization have become trend and cannot reversrate. When the computer network boom is swept, Wang An's microcomputer is not compatible with all kinds of networks, but also makes his company cry without tears. At this time, the company has long been a crisis, and the loss is as high as $ 400 million. At the company's most dangerous moment, Dr. Wang An was unable to continue. He witnessed the company's unique process, finally on March 24, 1990, due to the invalidation of cancer, after pain The last process of life. During the re-hospitalization of Wang An disease, his son Wang Lie and others have taken over the president of Wang An, but the Lead lacks management company's talents. Finally, it is dead to return. On August 18, 1992, Wang An Computer Company officially applied for bankruptcy protection to the US federal court and seems to have come to the end. No one wants to think, after bankruptcy protection, Wang Ang company, actually lying on the second startup, they recall in computer elites such as Graphic, Sierrati, promote strengths, concentrate on developing software products, and decisively cut more than 20,000 . After a short one year of excitement, the vast majority of debts were also clear, and the departure protection was announced on September 21, 1993. As of the end of June 1996, the annual sales of Wang An Computer Company of the United States reached 1.1 billion US dollars, and this company announced that the bankrupt company has been miraculous. Wang Anshi's thrive is really like a legendary story, people will not be in the hero.

26, Intel Entrepreneurship In 1968, the inventor of Integrated Circuits stood in Wangshan overlooking Silicon Valley, and the beautiful factory building of Xian Tong is increasingly blurred in the mist. In this high-tech company created by him, most of them have already traveled their own portals. Noles remembered a rumor that motivated himself: "Any innovation must be optimistic, there is no optimistic spirit, it is difficult to leave the stability, seek change and adventure." He resolutely decided to get out of the "fairy child who can't show up." "I have returned to the starting point of entrepreneurship. Although the safflower is good, but also the green leaves, Novis has already colored two entrepreneurial partners in the fairy tapki, one of which is the list of "outstaked" Moore. Moir graduated from the California Institute of Technology in the early years, and is a distinguished scientist who is a distinguished scientist. Another is in Andi Grove (Grove), the original Hungary, the original Hungary, and the New York Times "is not read in the" New York Times ". Perseverance, reading the New York City University in three years, and then went to the University of California University. People in Silicon Valley unanimously recognized: Novis Grove Moore is really a "Tianhe" of the entrepreneurial team. Nokos is the company's "face", he is most attracting and unite talents, organizing business marketing. Grove is practiced, with "iron stone heart", doing things a thunderstorm, good at management and spur. Moore is a scientist's mind, and is good at operation, the company's technical core is not him. So, the entrepreneurial group of this best talent forms constitutes a new company's "three carriage". The three entrepreneurs were carefully disclosed, and finally decided to adopt Moore's suggestions, named the new company "Intel", five English letters Intel intended "integrated electron". With Nobius's reputation, it is easy to raise funds to create new companies. He once said that he can raise funds for half an hour. On that day, Novis came to Silicon Valley's famous venture capitalist Arthur Rock's office, and proposed to prepare for the idea of ​​the new office. Rock immediately took the phone and once again dialed a few numbers, and then returned to say: "2.5 million, enough?" Novis low-looking, time is 30 points. "Integrated Electronics" naturally must develop and produce integrated circuits. How many turnover in Intel is not expensive, just borrowed an old building near the Fairy Company and renting a machine. Novis said: "Let's take the most advanced technology scan today to see which technologies are the most effective, most." The results of the analysis, Intel decided to first on the project, which is a semiconductor integrated circuit memory. The memory inside the computer, that is, von Nomani's memory device used to store the program, starting from Wang An's magnetic core, and has across the technology innovation through Intel. In the spring of 1969, this small businesses who have just been established in less than a year have created the world's first bipolar integrated circuit storage chip - 64 bit memory 3101; 1970, they also developed the first metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) The memory chip 1101, the capacity is expanded to 256 bits. In the same year, the Dynamic Random Memory (DRAM) of the No. 1103 was adventive, which announced the death of the old-fashioned core memory. Intel has a unique reason for integrated circuitry. In addition to Novis et al., Dr. Mo is a genius predict. In 1965, Moore published a strange papers with a short number of 3 sheets of paper, which is the most profound papers in the history of the entire semiconductor development.

In this paper, Moore is predicted that the number of transistors that can be integrated on the integrated circuit will have a stable growth in the 18 months, and this momentum is maintained within the next decades. Bi-side, in the late 1950s, can be a circuit on a piece of chip, like a small road in the town of Chlarad. In the 1960s, the same size chip can accommodate a large area of ​​a neighborhood in the town. In the 1970s, the municipal map of the city of Santa Clara can put into this chip. In the mid-1980s, the area contained in the chip will be expanded to all towns in San Francisco. In the late 1980s, it is already a map of the entire North American continent in this chip. In the 1990s, if the map is also used to compare a circuit composed of components such as transistors, the silicon chip "through" will be all rural and city all over the world. And the size of this silicon chip puts "jacket" like block finger, the internal volume is similar to the bowl of beans. Dr. Moore is proved to be proven to become a famous "Moore Law" in the computer world in nearly 40 years of development history. Just now, the effectiveness of "Moore Law" is only to come to the end. Because the area of ​​the small chip is limited, once the number of components increases, it is impossible to continue to shrink. In 1995, Mohn once again predicted: The law he found will eventually invalid, people need to find more advanced technical methods or materials. In the early 1970s, when a chip integrated with thousands of components, the fourth-generation computer would debut when it was called "large scale integrated circuit". 27. The chip computer is well known, so-called 286, 386, 486 The origin of the names of personal computers, which uses the microprocessor X86 series chips 286, 386 and 486 developed by Intel. However, this fantastic phenomenon named by the number is from the world's first microprocessor chip in the world invented by Dr. Hof. Hoff also used the identity of the "one of the 7 scientists since the Second World", and was selected as a ranked 120 people in the national invention honor show, and 120 people who made great contributions in the scientific field. Huff's invention leads to the wave of a wave of computers. In 1968, the Self-invitation of Novo, the Assistant Researcher at Stanford University, M.hoff, brought Intel, became the 12th employees of this high-tech company, only 31 years old. After he was assigned to the Manager of Intel's application research, MOROR MORMOG was the first heavy responsibility, which represents Intel and Japan's famous "Commercial Communications" cooperation to develop a set of programmable desktop calculators. Japanese brought our own design information, Intel only assigned auxiliary task in chip materials. Huff carefully studied the drawings and found that this simple calculator actually installs about ten integrated circuit chips. He proposed to the partner to reduce the number of chips, but was refused by the Japanese. Nocus knows how Hove's situation is constantly encouraging him, supporting him to improve design according to their own ideas. Hoff took himself in the laboratory, his laboratory was very narrow, with only one PDP-8 small computer produced by DEC. Three months, Hoff put the advantages and disadvantages of the Japanese program. He later said to people, he always "keep your child-like innate curiosity, why is there a way to work in some way, or put the two things together?" Perhaps this is this kind of "true" makes him suddenly think. Hoff will open the notebook and struggle with a pen. He wrote: "It can completely compress the Japanese design into three integrated circuit chips, the most critical is the central processor chip, integrated all logic circuits; other two pieces are used as storage programs and storage, respectively. Data. "This kind of imagination of" two or even more things ", let Huff have born new ideas of microprocessors.

Moore first expressed his thumbs up and gave him McAzor as a assistant. It is very unfortunately, and the F. Faggin "F.FAGGIN" Tour "is transferred to Intel, and also adds to the development group to draw a line diagram for the chip design for Hoff. Chip drawings make Hoff very satisfied, and the mouth sounds praised it is a "clean blueprint". In January 1971, the Hoff Development Team finally made a microprocessor capable of actually working. On a chip of approximately 12 square millimeters, 2250 transistors were integrated. Intel's advertisement said that it is only slightly larger than a forehead, on a silicon film having a size of half a matchboard box, you can accommodate 48 mini central processors! The microprocessor is so tiny, but each chip contains a large computer with a large computer, which is much stronger than the calculation capacity of Er. From E cachu to 4004, only 25 years, in the long river of history, only a moment in the history of the Edlek computer, while the microprocessor only covers an area ..., it can also use "land" Description? On November 15, 1971, Intel decided to publish an advertisement in the "Electronic News" magazine, announce the microprocessor to the world, and claimed that "an integrated electronic era has come." This day, it is a commemorative day, which is formally born, which means that the central processor (CPU) of the computer has shrunk into an integrated circuit, meaning "a computer on a piece of chip" was born. Soon, Intel's other model of microprocessor 8008 was successfully developed. Then, after a little improvement, the most successful microprocessor 8080, the chip and its imitation products have been sold to millions. As the sales volume increases, its price can also be bought from the initial $ 360 per 360 US dollars to 3 yuan. In this regard, Intel's sales manager restructured a "Gilbeck's Law" as a supplement to "Moore Law": "The unit price of each chip will fall to only 5 US dollars, except for those selling Better 5 USD chips. "In the price, less than $ 5 8080, it is really a tongue than the 400,000 huge sums of money in E cachu. Driven by Intel, in 1975, Motorola also announced the launch of 8 microprocessor 6800. In 1976, the Ran of "cleanliness chip drawing" was used to make Zilog in Silicon Valley, and announced The successful 8-bit microprocessor Z-80 was successfully developed. Therefore, in the late 1970s, the 8080, 6800 and the Z-80 microprocessor formed a three-legged situation. 28, "Cowherd Star" Lifting December 1974, the United States "Volkswagen Electronics" magazine is contrary, putting a publication in the next year in advance in each book, using the most striking big characters title: "The world's first Set microcomputer components challenge all kinds of commercial computers! "This so-called microcomputer component is called" altair8800 ", that is, the bright constellation" Cowherd Star "in the Milky Way. "Cowherd Star" inventor Edward Roberts is a computer fan, with a height of about 1 meter, energetic, and stubborn. After retiring from the Marine Corps in the 1960s, he opened a small company in Albeckgi, New Mexico, called "Mini Instruments and Automatic Measurement Systems", referred to as MITS, special production and sales desktop calculator, business Do very popular. Unexpectedly, from 1974, Texas Instrument Co., Ltd. (TI) with the power of integrated circuits, with strong strength to "enroll" calculator market.

This is the opponent of Ti, and the price of price is lost in less than a few days. Directly to the verge of bankruptcy, owing $ 250,000 debt. In nothing, Roberts turned their attention to the 8080 microprocessor developed by Intel, and wanted to use it to assemble a computer for amateur enthusiasts to save the ongoing companies. He purchased 8080 microprocessors and other components, one side of the assembly machine, one side of the displays, and the news media. Just "Volkswagen Electronics" has been looking for exclusive news in the past few months, editing Solomon actively on the door to watch Roberts' design, feeling a topic that is likely to attract readers. Going home, Solomon is still thinking about Roberts's plan. From the perspective of the newspaper, this computer still lacks a loud name. I thought about thinking, he couldn't help but ask his daughter to seek opinions: "What is the name of a new computer to cause your attention?" Solomon's daughter is only 12 years old, and I am watching TV in Jinjin, and the TV is just right. On the Playing Science Fiction Pattern, she will answer: "Cowherd Star." Because the spacecraft in the TV is from the cowherd star. So, Roberts's computer is called the name. However, good things are ground. Roberts is not easy to assemble the first prototype of success, and it is inexplicably at the time of mailing to Solomon. The magazine has already risen, and 100,000 fire is waiting for the cover of the cover. To grab it before Christmas. MITS has no need to reload the second unit immediately, and it is helpless. Roberts has to re-send a machine with only the instrument shell. "Volkswagen Electronics" is the "jade" of "empty shell computer". It is "Advertising Advertising", which is in the drum. Who knows that "Cowherd Star" is unexpected, the order is immediately flying as a snow, and it is, of course, there is a transfer check of Roberts Day and Night. Mits has saved, and the savior is "Cowherd Star" - the world's first microprocessor assembled microprocessor assembled microprocessor. According to the magazine, Altai is strong enough to be a computer. In the small box made of metal, Roberts put two integrated circuits, a 8080 microprocessor chip, an Intel's 8080 microprocessor chip, and the other is a memory chip, and only 256B capacity is initially increased to 4KB. There is no keyboard with both data, and there is no "face" of the calculation result. After plugging in the power, the user needs to press 8 switches on the panel to enter the binary number "0" or "1" into the machine. After the calculation is completed, several rows of small lights on the panel suddenly warmed, just like the result of the output of the warship. "Cowherd Star" is born, the appearance does not dare to compliment, it is completely unable to be large, medium and small computers such as IBM360, PDP-8 or "New Star", more like a simple game console. However, it also has the above machine unparalleled advantages - small size, small to only "miniature"; low price, low to Roberts only price about 397 yuan. Don't look at "Volkswagen Electronics" blowing the sky, at that time, all the computer companies didn't take care of it. This simple machine, which made it for college students as toys. If your company wants to use a computer to handle business, you will find it really not much use. Surprisingly, in 1975, Altai sold the entire "Cowherd Star" it produced, a total of 2000 machines, and more than 800 more than Roberts' optically and more exceeded. Most of 2000 "Cowherd Stars" into the USA family's automobile library; their buyers, most of them are young students who have first-school doors. In these automotive gains, "Cowho Star" attracted the group of magpies to play the bridge, and finally calls the "weaver", and weave the power of the computer.

People are now generally believed that "Cowherd Stars" is the "open hills of the mountain". Since the microprocessor of the Hoff must form a computer system to the memory and other peripherals, it may be a small computer that is a heart-based microprocessor, it is until three years. Multi-call ". 29, Microsoft Banner in 1975, Roberts was a great success in the first microcomputer "Cowherd Star" by the first microcomputer. "Volkswagen Electronics" said in publicity, "Cowherd Star" will be facing ordinary users, using the easiest Basic language programming. However, its memory is only 4K, and experts believe that it is difficult to support Basic, and there is no such software in Roberts. That day, Roberts suddenly received a call, claiming that he was a transportation data company in Seattle City, which can develop Basic language for the Cowng Star computer and ask him if he is interested. Roberts is interested in that if anyone can do this, the "Cowho Star" is no longer a toy, it will become a famous personal computer. After a week, Roberts received a formal letter, and the letter said they have made software. Roberts immediately followed the address provided by the address, but the other party replied that there was a lake in Seattle City. Roberts shakes his head, thinking about which niger's prank is preparing to make it, and the company has a long distance. This time, Roberts is not polite, he is angry and said: "If you really have a Basic software, you will be sent to MITS, I am guaranteed to be waiting in Albuki Airport!" He wanted to reveal the true feelings of the other party. Which one knows the answer from the phone: "You can, after three weeks, please go to the airport to pick up the station." After three weeks, Roberts received a bad boy. The person said that his name is Paul Allen, all right represents his partner Bill Gates (B.gates). At this moment, Bill Gates is waiting for a thousand miles of Boston Harvard University campus, and it is uneasy to wait for the news. This Bill Gates, a large glasses of glasses, a doll face, just a college student than the 19-year-old. He was born in a family of a lawyer and a teacher in Seattle, a good tutor, but there is no genetic factor related to the computer. In 1969, he studied a PDP-10 small computer terminal in the lake middle school, and the electric wire is connected to the electric wire and pays according to the time of use. Bill played his "software dream" on this electrical machine, and also met Paul Allen than his high two grades. Both people write a "wellbed chess" game on the computer and have fun. The little guys are obsessed with the consequences of computer, so that the school can't afford expensive costs, and must have strict limitations for their last machine. There is no computer to play, Bill and Paul are technically it. Turn the box on the cabinet 360 yuan, holding back the Microprocessor 8008 chip produced by Intel, and envisaged a small device that records the analysis of traffic conditions. In this way, Seattle has a "traffic data company" consisting of two middle school students. This kind of gadget is tangled in the gray box, I don't know why I was seen in several traffic sectors, and they really made nearly 20,000 yuan for this. Until, Bill Gates took a special law in the University of Harvard, still had a single hour. In December 1974, a cold winter, Paul once discovered the "Cowherd" photo of "Cowherd" in the roadside kiosk in the roadside, and Xinghu Lifeng found that Bill Gates that has been admitted to Harvard University. "Thousands of chances of chances," he muttered against Bir, "We can write a Basic language for it.

"Bill Gates is infected, Ling Machi once again came up with a good idea, he said to Paul:" We can use the school's PDP-10 machine to develop analog 'Cowherd's Stars' program, then impact to the Basic! "Next, the two have a software framework and initially divided into work. Paul is responsible for writing analog programs, Bill is the Basic interpretation process. Two unknown teenagers, when they pass the phone to Roberts chest to hold the chest guarantee three weeks When the goods are, the so-called Basic software is only imagined. Ok, whether it is analog or interpreted procedures, it is not strange to the two. Paul's work must be first, he has done the simulation program in less than two weeks. Bill Gates Faced with more problems, he wrote 8000 rows of machine language programs, and thousands of pieces of refined compression, try to make it into a small "body" that the Cowng Star computer is small. However, the more close to the completion, the more nervous After all, there is no real "Cowherd Star". The program written can not run on the microcomputer. No one dares to pack the ticket. Until finally send Paul to the plane, Bill Gates' heart is still not practical. Obviously, Paul with Roberts came to MITS to MITS more nervous. When he finally saw the true "Cowhoon Star", immediately put the brings from the program paper into the computer, the heart has been mentioned. The throat port. Time passed in a second, the tape machine is still "eating" into the paper strip, this is like a few years. Suddenly, the telephron is gently moved. In the printing paper, "Ready" is printed, marking the computer to prepare. Paul turned it, holding the shoulders of Roberts in both hands: "Cowherng Star now has Basic! "He immediately wrote a program to simulate the Apollo flight ship, and handed it to Roberts punching input. The program did really accurately. This is probably the first microcomputer in the world's first real application. Soon, Roberts Open his blue truck to patrol the major cities in the United States, shouting for the cowho Star computer. In his hand, there is a magic weapon that is the most attractive audience - buy a "Cowherd Star" computer, can be equipped with one "Weaver" ─ Basic software, attracted people from all walks of life. By 1980, this software has sold 1 million sets. In the encouragement of Basic software successfully, Bill Gats resolutely dropped from Harvard University. The banner of Microsoft Company was erected in Albuki in July 1975. The company referred to as MS, along with Paul and himself, a total of 6 people, specializing in software development of miniature computers. Bill Gates set struggles for the company Objective: "Every table has a miniature computer running Microsoft's procedure on every table! "30, microcomputer pioneer and the first electronic computer E cachik's fate, 1974" Cowho Star "can be loaded into the history of the world as the world, and people seem to have differences. Having micro-treatment Intel Company invented the right, do you not assemble micro-computers, do you have Roberts? In fact, in 1972, Intel's "Development System Group" has been 8080 as a microprocessor, design the earliest A generation of microcomputer, 2 years in advance than "Cowherd Star". Weird, they named this computer "Blue Box", all did not realize that she has created another "Guinness Record". "Blue Box" The computer is a tool for Intel supporting microprocessor sales. Due to most engineers of the "Development System Group", "Blue Box" computer uses many technologies in small machines, and there is a special bus, Dedicated operating system software. Intel positioned such a machine to "helped users assist the development of microprocessors", the price is also fixed.

At that time, there was no "microcomputer" in the computer industry, and thus the "blue box" as a new small computer, Intel also went to the "seventh large-scale machine company" and smoked. Alone a good opportunity for microcomputer industries. For this, Dr. Yucheng, Vice President of Intel, was sighed: "If it is slightly adjusted in business strategies, it may be rewritten in the development of personal computer industry in the business strategy." "Birth is substantially the same as" Blue Box ". In the era, the United States Xerox Company, known as the first photocopier, founded a Palo Accord Research Center (PARC) in Paloto, Silicon Valley. Xerox provides a very unusual research funding, attracting more than 100 scientists to work. PARC hopes that his researchers try to play imagination and creativity, and do not limit their research direction. These world-class computer experts lying on the floor of the sack, full of blackboards, fantasy in the future direction of the computer. The leaders in the middle of the leaders in 1972, in 1972, the first SmallTalk language, proposed a new concept of the graphical user interface, and paved the road for 13 years of WINDOWS. According to the information, the test of the SmallTalk language is conducted on a microcomputer named Asto, represents the Palo Accord Research Center. Ato's operating system is based on a bitmap and takes the lead in using a mouse to operate, it is much more powerful than "Cowherd Star". Regrettably, Xerox did not transfer research results into items in time, only staying it in the laboratory stage. Until 1977 decided to launch Ato Computer, there was still 2 to 30,000 US dollars, and it was not possible to face the public. Parc's genius has "hop", they have been running with new concepts such as "Windows", "Icons", "Mouse", and some have the main pen of Microsoft's window software, some have made wheat for Apple. Gold Tower (MAC) computer; there are also self-ended portals, foundings such as 3COM, Adobe and other companies, becoming the initiator of network systems or desktop printing systems. "Blue Box" and Ato Computer are along the marketing strategy of traditional computers, they cannot cause greater repercussions. It should be said that the microcomputer that is really known to open the new era curtain is only "Cowherd Star". Roberts positioned "Cowherd Star" on the youth "computer fan", and unintentionally triggered a real revolution. Since this computer came out, a computer hobbies in the United States have purchased a scattered part, assembling microcomputers in the family. These fanatical young people are also in the Campus of Stanford University, spontaneously organized a "home brewing computer club", exchange experience in assembling computers in the garage. In the first few months after the first party, 75% of members have designed their own microcomputers. Soon, these computer fans have started business as the base for automobile libraries, and pushing "home brewing" computer to the market. This situation is just as summarized in Nelson, Harvard Business School in 1976: they launched a liberation computer. "Liberation computer!" Nelson shouted, "The computer is placed in the air-conditioned room, which only has the situation possessed for those senior professionals. Let's take a mysterious color of the computer, the computer belongs to all mankind!" As Nelson in Atlanta When the Taohua Square Hotel made this famous lecture, the enterprises that came out from the "computer fans" have provided approximately 200 brands of microcomputers, more famous, Cormenke, and Ke Modor's microcomputer, and Tandi's microcomputer TRS80. Cromenko is a business founded by two graduates of Stanford University, and the names from the student dormitory they lived.

The Cromenko computer uses Intel's 8085 microprocessor; Cocmotor is relying on Dr. Ped Dr. Ped Dr. Ped Dr. Ped at 6800 chip for Motorola, named its microcomputer "Cocmador Pate ". It is ridiculous that "Cocmodor" is translated as "Navy", "Pet" is translated into "pet". The TRS80 microcomputer uses Z-80 chip from Zilog, which is said to be "brewed" by a salesman. These early 8-bit machines, as the first generation of micro-computer open pioneers, in order to promote the "computer liberation" to set up the sweat work. 31. If the game console is traceable whether it is a senior computer programming master, or the entry-level computer "enthusiast", who can say that he has never played computer games? Foreign newspapers and magazines are more evil: from the President of the White House, to the children of China's remote town, everyone has a common toy, that is, computer gaming machine. Computer games seem to have constituted a spectacular landscape of this century, and some people even think that it has created a new culture, and it is indeed a certain generation of childhood. More than 20 years of development, computer games have passed their own "reincarnation": from the "image game" running on the computer; then is called the special game machine; until now "Raising", put the position to the multimedia computer And in the Internet, the global computer game is from a 25-year-old young white hand business, "Yadali" is the birth of the microprocessor, and the first micro-computer "Cowherd Star" has not yet been born. In 1971, the engineers of Silicon Valley were located in Nalan Bush Neol (N.Bushnell), the ear heard of HP, Intel entrepreneurship was determined to have a career. However, he has a warm family and two cute daughters, and the family is not wider, temporarily dares to get away from Apix. The wife is tapped from the bottom of the box to the husband, and the whole "investment" of Bushnell "Company" will have to be located in Santa Clara. Bush Nell put a daughter's bedroom, a change in studio, and started his amateur entrepreneurship. When the night is quiet, on the paper of a picture full line, Bush Nell's conception gradually became clear. His technical level is limited and cannot be involved in new computers, but rich imagination is a unique way. He can't forget a computer program that I have seen when he reads a computer. The name of the program is "space hegemony". It is the first in 1962 in 1962, which is the first to run on the computer. Image game. However, with a large computer with a large computer with 4 million yuan, it is too difficult to manage this game to be transformed into computer game consoles for public entertainment. Bush Nell remembers very clearly, he was 4 o'clock in the morning of 1971, the test system successfully made this commercial computer game machine, name is called "computer universe". The rules of the universe game are too unsurplus, complicated to make those guys who will only play bulbs on the table. As a result, although Bush Nell lobby, the game console is sold, and there is no more to ask. Some people tell Bushnel: Who can boldly underestimate the American wisdom, who can earn banknotes, computer games must be a "less hurt" play. At this time, he has already had a bladder, but he has to borrow a little money, bring the "computer universe" to change the face, become the simplest table tennis game machine. Table tennis game console is a small toy controlled by computer program. The two vertical bars represent the racket, a small light point represents the ball jumps on the screen, and the man is manipulated, the button is controlled, and it will lose one. Minute. This time, Bush Neap didn't want to sell a complete machine, just opened a docner on the machine, and then went to a small bar that often patronized, temporarily worships the opportunity.

The next morning, Bush Nell was woken by the phone in the nest, and the boss between the bar was impatiently informatively informing the table tennis game. Bush Nelton sleeps full, rushing up in a hurry, running to the bar. Bush Neapy took out a coin from his pocket and wanted to put it into the dollar, but it was not in. Unscrew the screw, open the rear cover, Bush Nell suddenly stunned: the machine only used the plastic milk cup to load the coin, full of two-point coins. Things that "squeeze" can't move the game console is a coin! In this way, Bush Nell is inadvertently let his "table tennis" have been successful, and the curtain of the computer game era was opened. In 1972, Bush Neaphon resigned from the work of Apikos and hung up his company's brand. The company's big name "Atari", taking the Japanese chess of his love, "Yadali" is the sound of chess in chess - "General", often translated "Atari ". In less than two years, the Yadali company sells 10,000 table tennis game consoles in the purchase of 1,200 yuan. In the second year, the company's sales reached 3.5 million yuan, and the third year has also increased to 15 million. So, almost every bar, every casino and every college club, ending the "Ping Pong" sound. In 1975, the Yadie Company took the "General" wonderful chess, and they transformed the coin-operated "arcade" into a family game machine, showing the screen with television, and the program is in the cassette, the first The number of sales is 100,000. Soon, a new program "big mouth" is produced into a family game tape sales. "Big mouth" is also called "greedy people", because you don't have a knife gun, it is more popular. This period of this period is a dedicated microprocessor controls the rules of the game, stored in the integrated circuit card to get more and more rich, can plug in replacement, and add color and simple music, almost It became the best gift for the United States to give the child in Christmas, and Yadali has also become the largest computer game consoles manufacturer in the world. Looking at today's eyes, even the new game machine 2600 launched by Yadari has become an antique, but it makes the computer and the game. 32. The garage spectrum is famous for the world's Apple, which is a legendary story worth a big book. As Bill Gates said: "I am just Jobs Second. Before I, Apple's rapid growth gave people too deeply impressed." Just 20 years ago, "computer liberation" hot air blows, positive It was Jobs (S.JOBS) and his partner, S.Woznia, was equipped in the car Guti, in the truly personal computer, with both hands, a round of Chaoyang. Jobs is the first generation of Silicon Valley's first generation of soil, Xiaokeli to Paloato, he is just born. The orphans who were adopted from the child were unwrapped. He only read a book at the Reid College, leaving the school alone "天". It is said that he has survived the apple garden in Oreglog all day, giving others to work. Later, I went to the Yadarie to see a difference, and fell in the Oriental spell, I was a thousand miles to floating the sea, and I followed the Indian Master "practice practice". Soon, Jobs returned to Yadali, got contact with Friends of the childhood, and the driving of the latter, he also had a strong interest in the microcomputer. Woznikbiobis is 5 years old and is called Woz by Jobs.

Due to the birth of the engineer, Woz slammed from the small bubble in the transistor stack. At the beginning of the year, the first computer was designed at home, which won the first prize of the San Francisco Bay Science Expo. Woz is a highly intelligent good student, the mathematics subject of the university entrance examination, is actually taken by him to 800 points. It may be that the university's course is not interested, and after several schools have changed, he also dropped out of school in the middle, and he served as an engineer in HP. In 1975, Jobs is 20 years old, Woznik is 25 years old, both of which are both hands holding a poor biser. Woznik is computer-talented, Jobs' talented talents is extraordinary insight. After get off work after work, Woz often stays in Jobs's garage, and often join hands to participate in the activities of the "Applied Computer Club". Seeing the partners show off their "Cowherd Stars" computer, Woz is envious, Jobs encourages him to do one more machine. Making micro-computers first require microprocessors, two people run to store inquiry price, 8080 chips to sell 270 yuan. After repeated comparison, they drove to the San Francisco Wischem computer exhibitions will touch the luck. As a result, only 20 yuan price will return to the 6502 chip of Motorola, and the functions of Intel 8080 are not worse. Woz later recalled that he bought back to 6502, he and Jobs came to "family brewing" to participate in party. Some people bring a computer that can associate with the TV, showing a color image to everyone. Woz looks at it, watching the computer on the screen, painting a colored ring on the screen. Later, he hid in HP's laboratory secretly made a chip with the same function, but I could not grasp whether it should be put into the homemade computer. After Jobs, he said: "Why don't you put it? We have to use all the new technologies." He didn't know what method to persuade HP's supervisor, allowing Woz to "borrow" home. Jobs said to a friend: "This computer will shock the little son of 'home brews'." Jobs's prophecy is very good. When they have a homemade computer with Woz again, when they come to the "home brewing" party, They can't sit. The three layers of "computer players", the three layers of Woz were unreasonable. Although Woz's computer is just a large board, it has 8K memory, and also can vocalize and display high resolution graphics. "Family brewing" is "big and shocked", they have proposed to Woz to order this machine. I have been standing outside the road to see the moving and quiet Jobs. This situation launched the "computer" in the mind, "computer" suddenly became a "calculation machine". He silently calculated: "There will be more than 100 people in the middle of the club, there will be a baby of Woz. The first sell, we can have a profit of 50 yuan, then sell the second, third ..." second God, he persuaded Woz to sell his cherished HP card calculator, and sent his mass brand car into the auction house, so it's hard to get a bottom fund for 1300 yuan. There is no car, just in the garage acting as a factory, the two did not live on the night. No one is riddled, there is no foundation ceremony, the manufacturing industry in the 20th century microcomputer is quietly taken in the car, because this is the first time "customer" requires a batch of microcomputer products. The 1976 Fool's Day, Jobs, Woznik and another small partner jointly signed a contract, these "April Fools" set up a new "garage" company for Woz's computer. According to the regulations, the form of the US Securities and Exchange Commission must be filled in as soon as possible, Jobs then launched a name for the company. He first proposed a strange name - Apple Computer Company, saying that it is a kind of intimate feeling. Everyone's seven mouths have different opinions. When you look at time, Jobs is saying: "It can't be unified before 5 o'clock, it is Apple (Apple).

"Some people guess, this is Jobs can't forget the experience of working in Apple Garden. I ridicily, he later joined the signage of the company, actually biting an apple, is said to" bite "and" word " "Byte" homony, but fierce is like only rotten Apple. In this way, Apple Computer has also erected the flag, with Bill Gates Microsoft, a "soft" "hard", echo. 33. After the "Apple" has established a "production workshop" in the automobile library, Jobs started to conduct a second step "calculation" again, he wants to convince the store to sell the computer directly, although he has never been business experience. In 1976 In June, Jobs woven a circuit board and went into the "Bai" computer firm who just opened for half a year. Good at the Firm Manager Wilson is also a "home brewing club" member, not very unexpected. Wilson said to Jobs: "We I have long I want to distribute the computer, but you are not like a computer, it must be installed in the box. "Jobs immediately accepted Wilson's conditions," Bay "firm order 50 sets, and refreshingly promised to provide a 25,000 yuan component. Wilson told him that this is a 30-day seller loan. What is" seller loan " Jobs didn't understand, but it was not so embarrassed. As a result, when they handed 50 machines to Wilson within 29 days, all the component costs were cleared, and when he tasted the "seller loan" Sweet. It turns out that not only the parts of the test computer can be "borrowed" and mass production can be "borrowed eggs" to HP. The car library is getting crowded, the parts and semi-finished products are almost piled up to the ceiling. As the order quantity Increasing increasing, capital turnover is difficult. Jobs and Woz are discussing, can not be so small, must find a big company to cooperate. Very nature, they first think of the Yadi and HP. Woznik's confidence Back to HP, the manager of the competent technology is recommended by HP to produce miniature computers. He ran three times, every time he is happy, defeated. HP is not intended to intervene in this market, thus missed it once. Leading a good time in Microcomputer industry. Jobs thought that this is definitely because Woz is a sorrow, so he is in person with horses, and he firmly believes that Bush Nerm will be moved because of his encouraging. After many years, Bush Nell said this past, he took Jobs as well. "That day, Jobs ran to me," Bush Nerry recalls, "he has a kind of resulting 10 million profits." The product should be recommended to me, I replied him at the time: 'Hey, then I became a billionaire, which has this kind of cheap thing, your kid is definitely a ghost. 'I think of it now, Jatali has given up more than 10 million traders. However, in 1976, who can I expect the microcomputer to become a big climate today? "When Jobs lobbles, Bush Nell and the old feelings, introduced venture capital home Valentine, Mr. Valentin parked his brand-name car in front of Jobs, Jobs Wear slippers, the hair is distributed, jeans half-hearted. He went back to put Bush Neck a little stink: "Where did you get this guy!" "However, in the style of the situation, he still recommended Jobs to another venture capital Markula. Markkura is the former sales manager of Intel. The year is not confused. He doesn't care how to wear Jobs wear, he looks It is Woz's microcomputer, willing to take 100,000 yuan to support Apple and use your impact from the bank to 250,000 yuan loans.

A "adult" plus two "children" composition and a set "three driving carriage", recruiting troops, expanding the scale, finally moving the factory out of the automobile library. The turn to Woznik is big. In early 1977, he carefully designed another new microcomputer. This computer is mounted in a light gray plastic chassis, the front is a keyboard, and a "rotten apple" pattern consisting of six colors is inlaid. It has a total weight of only 5 kg, assembled with high-performance switching power supplies, and the main board only uses 62 integrated circuit chips. In order to improve the performance of the machine, Wowz almost used a year of time to design a dexterous disk, try to reduce its volume, only 8 pieces of chip reach the effect of 50 integrated circuits of the old-fashioned disk machine. This computer reaches the highest level of microcomputer technology, Jobs named it as "Apple II" (Apple II), and "recognizes" the machine that is displayed in the "Home Purpress Club" is Apple type I. In April 1977, Jobs mobilized all employees of the company on day and night, grabbed 5 Apple II microcomputer samples before the opening of the Shan Francisco Coast Computer Fair. Apple Type II computers will open their unexpected sensation. Thousands of audiences flocked to Apple's booth, almost extruded the table, and the ordering form was grabbed and empty, the company's first profit reached 2.5 million. Since then, Apple II microcomputer has walked into schools, institutions, enterprises, shops, walked into personal offices and families. It is no longer a simple computing tool. It has paved the road for personal computers of the trend of the leadership in the late ledge of the past. . With the huge benefits of Apple Computer, Apple Computer has created a miracle in just 5 years. The turnover is $ 1 billion, crossing the ranks of the largest 500 companies in the United States. Jobs headed an apple photo, was published in the cover by the "Times" magazine, became the hero and model of American mind. 34. Elephant Tap Dance If you want to divide your computer's 50 years into two different stages, then in 1981, it is undoubtedly a boundary line. In that year, IBM has launched a personal computer PC, enabling human society to enter the new era of personal computers. Today, the PC in which the world is using has reached 200 million, a child using a personal computer in his own home, which has greatly exceeded the large computer used by the United States for the "Apollo" spacecraft. All of this has originated in the past year, the memorable day night. The karavement of the prelude is dramatic. From 1978 to 1979, Intel has developed their microprocessors into 16-bit chips, won unprecedented 2500 successful product designs. In the second half of 1980, IBM found to go to the door to ask for cooperation, and the engineers from Intel Party were taken to a black curtain. IBM said they are using Intel microprocessor to develop new products, hoping to get technical support, but only allows Intel Engineers to extend their hand to the curtain, exploit the mosaic to determine the problem of the problem, everything is in extreme confidentiality. Microsoft has also received the same "treatment". In the summer of 1980, Bill Gates received a mysterious phone from IBM, indicating that Microsoft is investigated. Multinational companies with more than 340,000 companies should visit the "workshop" enterprises in the time, making Bill Gates very surprised. The first talks, the representative of IBM in blue suit puts forward many difficult problems, and requires Microsoft to sign a confidentiality agreement on the spot; the second talks take IBM's plan and panel: It turns out, the world's largest computer company Also prepared to get involved in micro-computers, extremely confidential project code "Chess", they want to work with Microsoft, please Bill Gates to provide new computers. The IBM's "Chess" program began in July, a high-level secret meeting held in Amke headquarters.

Due to the "blue giant" in the computer revolutionary wave, the "garage" company represented by Apple Computer has enabled the miniature computer, and the huge institutions of IBM can't make it respond quickly. The situation is very embarrassed. According to a "blue miracle" book, the "Blue Miracle" book of this historical insider is disclosed, the Bill Lowreton Laboratory Director Bill Lowe is adopted, and the company's policy makers will propose to Yadarie. The company purchases the computer's recommendations, making the Chairman F. Carefa. "This is the ridiculous suggestion I have heard." Cali shouted, "I ordered you immediately develop IBM's personal computer, let our own 'Apple' to occupy the market as soon as possible." Who knows Luo Wei I heard a smile, he asked to organize a well-dried group that can be constrained by the company. Cali is consent, and emphasizes: "In the future, if someone asks how to let the elephant jump to dance, our answer is this 'chess'." IBM's thirst for the microcomputer is imminent, Luowei immediately selected 13 ideas The active cultivation of cultivated employees forms an engineering design team, including 8 engineers and 5 marketing staff, and the technical person in charge of the development of new computers is pressed on the shoulders of the D. Estridge. The burly Esterchi is full of vitality. This person is very obsessed with the microcomputer. He has purchased an apple computer at home. This is considered to be leaning in the IBM atmosphere. He said to people: "If you compete with a company in the garage, then you must start from the garage." In the Bokleton Laboratory near Miami, "Chess" leaders in Esterch The first "chess" under the group is the miracle of studying "Apple" growth. The results of the study, they decided to use Intel's 8088 microprocessor as the center of the new computer, that is, the interior is 16 bits and exterior only one of 8-bit data, which maintained costs and 8-bit machine compatible advantages. In again, "thinking is far faster than it can communicate speed" (Microsoft Chairman Bill Gats). At the same time, IBM's new computer also needs to "Apple", entrusting a separate software company to configure various programs for it, so there is a "confidentiality agreement" signed earlier than Microsoft. It is ridiculous that the engineers of the "Chess" team have to learn to "Apple", actually believe that IBM's microcomputer should also be named some kind of fruit. After repeated consideration, I didn't find a satisfactory thing, and finally decided to name it as a popular name - Personal Computer, the IBM PC. People inside the IBM have respectfully called Esterch to "PC's Father". Unfortunately, Esterci, who made excellent contribution to the PC, died of aircraft accident, Due to the plane. People will always remember his great achievements. 35. Step in August 1980, in August 1980, in the whole year, Esterci leads the "Chess" Project Plan 13 people struggle to fight. "At that time, there were few people to understand that this group of people will soon rewrive the history of the world." Clarion, Virgin President of Intel China) It is said that IBM has gradually reached 450 people from various development of the PC. Intel also forms a "Special Customer Department" to supply high quality chips for the PC. According to the agreement, Microsoft should provide a PC to provide a series of computer language software including Basic. However, the future PC computer, the most needed software is the operating system, so Bill Gates introduces the representative of IBM to another to develop a CP / M operating system software known as DR digital research company.

The next thing happened, there was a dramatic plot, and the designer of the CP / M operating system software did not live at home, and his wife did not want to sign a paper on the confidentiality agreement, and the victims of the victory and the DR company lost the arm. The representative of IBM has to drop the turn, and I still invite Microsoft to help solve the problem of the operating system. Bill Gates urgently, I remembered the Software genius of Seattle Computer, which has already written a QDoS software for Intel's 16-bit chip, just as a PC operating system. QDoS is "fast and rough operating system", Microsoft purchases the copyright of this software at a low price, just at that time, the "DOC Father" did not know the relationship. The 1980 Thanksgiving Day has just passed, the "Chess" engineering team puts the highest secret of IBM's highest secret - two PC computer, from Miami to Seattle. With the highly confidential conditions, Bill Gates led Microsoft's software team to write programs for PC computers. In addition to caught 40,000 program code for the four computer languages ​​of Basic, Cobol, Fortran, and Pascal, but also to transform QDoS to the MS-DOS operating system suitable for the PC. Since then, Microsoft and IBM's technicians continue to fly by plane, flying over the United States, two cities from the United States, exchange information. Microsoft's engineers must also keep themselves in a secret room, overtime, sweating day and night. Bill Gates' hiring programming masters, enabling people who participated in the PC software engineering to 70 people. Until June 1981, Patters also joined Microsoft and immediately participated in the development of MS-DOS. After repeated modification and commissioning, this far-resecred software was finally completed. The time of the year is changed. On August 12, 1981, IBM announced in New York City: The IBM PC is open, indicating that human society has entered the new era of personal computers. It should be said that this is made by Intel's microprocessor chip, Microsoft, and IBM mainly designs a common work of computer systems. The most important feature of the IBM PC is its openness. Esterch's representative design department announced that they will open all technical documents and sincerely welcome their peers to join the development of personal computers. So, the electronic computer manufacturers around the world, struggling to transfer the production of PCs, and the product patterned is the IBM PC compatible machine. Soon, IBM PC has become a personal computer "factual standard". In order to promote this computer for personal use, IBM has cleverly with the image of Chaplin's small tramp, the head of the garden is high, wearing the lanterns, funny lovely on TV, dancing in the TV, dancing in hand Practical computers, express people can be used. "Wall Street Journal" commented: IBM stepped into the microcomputer market, and the blue giants are expected to win the leadership of this emerging market within two years. Sure enough, in 1982, the IBM PC has sold 250,000 units, and the speed of 20,000 units per month is close to "Apple". On May 8, 1983, IBM has introduced an improved IBM PC / XT personal computer, increasing the hard disk device, which makes the market share of more than 76%. On August 14, 1984, IBM was a "advanced technology" IBM PC / AT to the user's arms. The AT machine uses Intel's later developed 80286 microprocessor chip that manages up to 16M memory and can perform multiple tasks at the same time. Since then, the personal computer starts the so-called 286, 386, 486 ... The relay racing run.