Tang Dynasty and Turkic War
Datang Zhen Tang Dynasty (AD 629), crossed, and the four years of snow, six animals were soaring. It is winter, and Tang Taizong's 100,000 Tang Bing will strengthen the six roads, north to Yanmenguan. The Tang Jun coach is a book of the Ministry of Military, Li Jing, and Head, Tudu Li. This two is a famous Tang Dynasty, who is a big Tang Dynasty, who is sold together, and the results can be imagined. What's more, Tang Taizong himself is an outstanding military home. Qin Timing Mingyue Time, Wanli's long-term people did not return. Their heart must think of more than 700 years ago, the Han Dynasty of the Nionion, who will be sanctified. Their enemies are called the Turkic people in the north.
After the death of the 帐 山 under the pounds, the Huns launched a decisive blow to the Huns, the Huns split, the South Xiongnu, gradually moved to the mainland and gradually. The North Xiongnu gradually moved to the European continental political pattern. There are also some other in the vast northern grasslands. Some people think that the Turks is one of them. They moved to the south of Jinshan (Altai Mountain), nomadic, and worked in iron. At that time, it was a strong and strong, and the Turks were slavered by their own, and they act as "ironworks" for them, but the forces gradually. The Tieler Department will be delayed, and the Turkic leader will beat Tieler. The strength is greatly increased, and the soil door is a soft marriage proposal. It is a soft master and anger: "尔 是,, He Ding Ding is also a saying! "Tu do do be in 552, the soldiers were succulent, and the swipe of sweating, self-employed, and established Turkic regime since this. After the Turkic founding, the dental account was in the county (also known as Yu Yujun Mountain, and there was a Hang Ai Mountain in the Mongolian country). The Turkic people take the wolf for totem, the front of the account "The wolf head is big", in the mutter.
"The Master of the World", at this time, most of the European continent is dominated by the Chinese Empire, the Persi Empire and the Byzantine Empire, and Judic Khan, who has just happened, is in the vacuum zone of several major empire, continues to expand, then The resistance is heavy. The Turki people have allocated with the Persins Saban Dynasty, and in 562, the Kingdom of the West of Turki is divided into the world. However, the Turkic people immediately torn the proceedings of Persian, occupying all the people, and directly established them directly with the Byzantine Empire in West Asia, and controlled the Silk Road. They will sell to the Western market in the silk and other foods obtained when they have been fighting in the Central Plains Dynasty, and profitable. But in the face of powerful Persi Empire, they must have new allies. In 568 AD, a Turkic Mission came to Constantinople, and completed the alliance with the Byzantine Emperor Dingni II, so I broke out the Joint offensive Persia for 20 years of war. How long does it take to last for Turkic and Byzantine, and they have followed conflicts. Turkic sweat in the letter to the Byzantine Emperor, claiming to "the leader of the seven surname, the host of the world", but the arrogant Turkic leader is obviously sitting on the sky, the power of the Turkic people can not be with high civilization and high strength. Empire. Acellence, just like they can't compete with the upcoming Datang Empire. Of course, it will not be thought that after nearly 900 years, a powerful force that is considered to be their descendants again came to Constantinople again. At that time, they came to the gesture of this millennium Empire victory, and Taking its capital as its own capital until 1923.
"Di Di's Sheng, modern times have not yet", "said the Turkic Army has indeed approaching Chang'an City, the capital of the Datang Empire, and even forcing Datang Empire to move. At this time, the Turki Khan has controlled the upstream of the east to the Liaohe River. The Zhongyuan Mainland naturally became an object of them. When the Turk initiated, the split and turmoil of the Wuhu Baiki and the North and South of the Mainland. Strong and arrogant Turkians often break into the mainland to grab the wealth population. However, shortly after the establishment of the Sui Dynasty was established in 581, the Turkic was divided into two parts of the inner. This has changed fundamental changes in the strategic trend of the Central Plains and Turk. Western Zichen is west of Altai Mountain, and Dong Tuhe controls the vast number of Xing'anling to Altai Mountain in the east. Dong Tu Yan Yang Dynasty was unstable. From Gansu, I launched a big attack to the Sui Dynasty. Sui Wen Di had to wear a soldier. The war of Turkiaces is mainly defensive. After a successful battle, Sui Wenmi used the contradiction between the inside of Turk, "far away and close, and weak", so that the Turkicon is more. But to the end of the Sui Tong, because the Emperor of the Emperor is unity, the expedition fails, the national strength is weak, and the tuteling force has grown. When the Emperor of the Emperor, he was ticked on Yanmen. At the end of the Sui and Tun, the depth of the northern part of the northern part of the trumpet for foreign aid, most of them called the ministers, Li Yuan Li Shimin, the father and son players, I also called the East Turki, "Tucalyptu", "Control Strings," There is also. "The League of the Bridge", the determination of the Death of Tai Zong, was established in 618, and the Tang Dynasty was established. Turkic rulers see that it is impossible to leave from each departure in the hands of each of the departures, so the Tang Dynasty Guili is not very powerful, and it is in the middle, plundering the population and wealth. East Turki Khan Khan has a proportion of the army 150,000 to attack the state, and the men and women have more than 5,000 pictures; and there is more than 1 million big hair, and the Tang Taizong Li Shimin has just turned on the 626th. Leg the soldiers for 200,000 to force Tang Dynasty, Changan City, the north of the water, only 40 miles away from Chang'an City, Jingshi vibrate. Tang Taizong was forced to set the suspect, and the pro-care ministers and the soldiers were separated from the sorrow. The gains see the Tang Jun army, and see Taizong licensed, alliance, and the collar. This emergency strengthened the determination of Taizong and Turki. The Tang Taizong of the majesty is always resolutely advocates counterattack Turk. Two years ago, Due to the severe intricate of Turk, Tang Gausu Li Yuan once suggested that the minister has suggested, intended to give up Chang'an, and build a new capital, Li Shimin firmly opposed. In the same year, Turki and Julyigulphurus were proclaimed in Qizhou, Li Shimin once pro. After the "League of the Bridge", Taizong further stepped up. He personally trained the training, and the daily "introducing the Guardian War will wait for the Temple", so "the soldiers are elite". At this time, the national strength is gradually strong, and the time to counterattack the Turk is finally mature. So, the sixth year of the three years of winter, Li Jing and Li's sixth army opened the prelude of the Tang Dynasty and the 30 years of war.
The determination of the Han Dynasty West Shi Dynasty Tang Taizong is to ly, completely eliminate the disaster suffering from the mainland. The Tang Dynasty's war was conducted in two phases. The first stage is first destroyed in the east. The four years of the four years of the four years, Li Jing is grateful to win, in the Dingxiang defeated, and Li is in the white road, and the other is more than 50,000 people. The two will also be supervised, and the enemy is broken, and the Siyi is escaping the valley. Time value in March in the same year, east-eaten. Defended in Datang Tianwei, "I will ask for the northwest, please ask (Taizong) Zunju as Tiankhan." After the prisoner of prisoners, Taizong gave the Tianzhai, gave the right to Wei Dafu, and died in Chang'an several years later. The second phase of the war of Western Zican is completed in the Tang Gaozong, accompanied by the fierce competition of Tang and Western Zhizhen. Tang Ji, the West of the West is extremely strong, "North and Tieler, the west of the West, the Southern Penne ... tens of thousands of tods, the western region", the formation of a serious threat to the Tang Dynasty, and hindered Chinese and Western business transportation. From Taizong, the Tang Dynasty began to play the struggle of the Western region. Different to the vitamin, Pinggong, and the Qing Dynasty, the Western Region, the Chinese and West Commercial Roads. At this time, Xi Ziyu leader is A Shilu. He has returned to the Tang Dynasty due to the failure of Turk, and he was sealed to Zuo Wei. He participated in the battle of Turtle, Taizong, He Lu's anti-heart, self-owned sand, Khan, Jianbu account in Qianquan (In today Kyrgyzstan), with Tang as an enemy, sprouting the western region. Tang and Zhizhi have been fighting for many years, breaking its alliance or subsidiary department one by one. Gao Zongxiao has been in the second year (657 AD), and the last battle of Pingxi Tang Jun was organized by the generals of the generals, the soldiers north and the two roads, combined with the He Lu, the fierce battle continued, Tianfu snow, flat land, Tang Jun stepping down and chaoting, the morale, A Shi Na Lu Jumping Yili River fled to Shi Country (Tower Tower), was captured by the locals and sent Tang Jun. Western Zican is destroyed. Turkicati in the history of Central Asia
After Tang Yan Tongyu, placed a large number of Turkic primers in the Mainland, maintaining their tribes and customs, and set up Dudu and Guardian to manage their land. After the Pingxi Domain and the Western Turk, the famous "Anxi Si Town" was guarded, but also set up Anxi, the two famous guards of Niki, and Tianshan is the world, and each department will underwent the earth and the West. . Turkic people eliminated the threat of the Tang Dynasty, and they won't go deep into the mainland of the Central Plains. Since then, the Turkic deeds in Chinese history have gradually disappeared, and in the historicals of the Persians, Arabs, Byzantine and later Westerners, a group of tribes named "Turki people" in Central Asia, Leave a profound impact on the world history. Who they are? They and the Turkic people who were defeated by the Tang Dynasty were the same race?
These "Turkicans" are the complex internal tributs. Their social form is still in a lower stage, the social structure is very unstable, and the nation of the Central Asian region where they live is often mixed, the momentum is turbulent, and many regional civilization. Very high, powerful integration and assimilate the ability. These factors make the urn rapidly changing in Turkic society to make them mixed with other ethnic groups. Therefore, these "Turks" in Central Asia are not the same ethnic or tribal group. The people who live in a group of different nationalities (tribal or tribes) living in the Eurasian continent should be the first is the Arab. When the Arab conquers the tribe, tribal or nation, in the face of a group that has never seen, and in some aspects showed a common feature group, they could not distinguish them to distinguish each other. He had to first be mainly, and For "Turkicans", the place where they live and activities is called "Turkistan" (where Turkist lives). This name is gradually accepted by some other nations and become habits. Later, the object referred to as the "Turko" referred to the expansion, and truly established interrelationships between them, in a considerable extent, it is a linguist since the 18th century. Since then, the linguists in East and Western countries have studied these tributes, tribes and national languages. They put such a group of language populations that may have a common source, or have a close contact relationship. It is a language in the Altai Language, called "Altai Tucusang". Generally, it is called "Turkical", "Turkic language" or "Turkic Language". With the language of the more and more ethnic groups in the Europea, those that are more than those of the known "Turkical" structure and characteristics are constantly being classified into the language. That is, scholars are basically based on language characteristics, and they will be classified into the group of "Turkic". From the above situation, the "Turks" in China's historical books, and the contents of the modern Western language TURK (Turkic) are completely different. When Western scholars called this language and their users, after the "Turk Language" and "Turk National", Chinese scholars used "Turk" to translate it and give it new meaning. This extends, with "Turkic Nations", "Turkic Nationality" or "Turkic Nationality", is used to use the various nations of the Senior Language. Research on this multi-ethnic group language, culture, history, customs, etc., known as "Turkic". These national or tribal components of these fensions are mixed, and the origins are diverse, and various activities on the United States have lasted more than a dozen centuries. This article must describe some of their historicals, which can see their rheological processes and geographical distributions, and they can also see that they have not formed a unified national or country. For the sake of simplicity, they still collect them as "Turks".
At the same time, the slave was hosted by the slave as a decisive blow of the Tang Dynasty, and the West of the West, the West, the West, the West, the West, the Arab Empire. The footsteps of the Arab conquest, such as the cyclone, and the middle of the 7th century, they crossed Persia to enter Central Asia, and they have arrived in the border of Tang Empire in the early 8th century. They conquered Tsukuo, but the rulers of Turkicarius were still retained to manage local civil affairs. The Arab is more disregard, since the 9th century, they entered thousands of Turkic slaves from Central Asia every year to enrich their army and serve as guards. These Turkic General and soldiers have gradually taken the power, participate in the court conspiracy, left and right, turn the Harry into their hands, and then they actually become the owner of the Arab. Also, from this time, the Turkicaries have gradually accepted Islam. The Turkic people are excellent soldiers, which acts as a mercenary is the profession that the Turk is oppressed and slavery, but they seem to be happy, and finally try to become the owner of the employer. After the Arab's power is decatted in Central Asia, the local family's aristocratively established a small dynasty. The Turkic people act as a palace guard in the powerful Saman dynasty. At the end of the 10th century, they borrowed the famous gample. The Dynasty (his capital is the Today's Afgzi). In decades, they were defeated by another Turkicor (that is, the famous Seli people, they act as the Border Defense Army of the Sarman Dynasty and the Gample Dynasty. The gamati Dynasty was still destroyed the first dynasty of the Huazi model established by the Iranian language at the beginning of the 11th century, and the juvenile-born gammon officials established a short Second Dynasty, and the Third Dynasty was a Seli It is still built, but the ruler is still the Turkic slave, and they will then get rid of the rule of the Seli people, and the minister belongs to the West Liao, and the Harley of the Arab Empire is defeated. In the 13th century, I was in a fierce war after a unprecedented battle. The Mongolian Military Dear. The actual ruler of the Arab Empire is a typical typical for mercenaries and the highest power. This batch of Turkic people entered the Muslim area in the north, accepted Islam, received Islam, and was received as the Saman Dynasty, and the minister of the gamatine, the power growth, participated in the Central Asian War dispute, 反 伽 色 尼Most of Iranian area, to the RMB 1055 to enter Bagada, the Arabic Empire, forcing Harry to grant the first "Sudan" title, since then, although Harry is still the leader of the Arab Empire, but actually The Arab Empire has fallen into the Selzer Turkist, the Shi called the Selzer Empire. Since then, the Serbs Empire will continue to attack four-sided, and in the 1071 defeat of the occupation army, Xiao Yaqiao and the Mediterranean East Coast are all of the Turkic people. It has established Romas Dan, which has stubbornly against the Crusaders invading, and lost in Mongolian invasion. .
When the Turks became the Muslim world ruler, the Eurasian continental political pattern once again had major changes: Mongolianship and started their battle. The Mongol's offensive is also very fast, they conquer the flower scorpion model in 1221, over the Volga River in 1237, crossing the Danube river directly into the Adriatic coast in 1241. In 1243, Romashand defeated the defeat; in 1258 Baghdad falls, the Empire of Azu is destroyed.
Adventurer's Tumber and his descendants have experienced hundreds of years of development, and they absorbed all kinds of higher forms of cultures from the people. Although they were ruling by the Mongolian aristocratic, they had a huge impact on Mongolians. The influence, causing many Mongolian aristocratic torthe. Moreover, Mongolians have also made the same mistakes like the Arab, and recruited a lot of Turkic people. With the division of the Mongolian Empire, these Turks immediately occupied a significant position. The post-half of the 14th century in Central Asia Mount Timi is a most successful adventurer.
Timur was born in the Mongolian aristocrat family in Turk. He built the Mongolhan's Mongolian ruler in 1370, and established a Tumer Empire, and put the tutenary parties into strong army. In more than 30 years, he destroyed Eli Khan, Dead of the golden accounts; invading India in the south, washing the heart; invading Xiaoyia in the west, launching a fierce battle with the Osman Empire, capturing Osman Sudan. 1404 (Ming Yongle two years), Timi embarked on the journey of attacking China, but the next year is dying.
The Timier Empire will never die. But his future generation has established a jockey in the South Asian mainland. In 1526, the descendants of Timer defeated the 100,000 army of India, captured the virtues, establish a Mohedr Empire, this empire almost ruled the entire Indian stage in the 17th century, which was the strong country on the European continent. And eventually made Islam stabilized in the next continent, the empire was abolished by the British colonial authorities until 1858, but Islam and Hindu's struggle until now.
Ottoman Empire - San continent's disaster
When Babur consolidated his rule in Delhi, another descendant of the Turkicor-Osman Turk had inserted their Song Moon in the Vienna wall. They are a nomadic tribe, settled in Xiaoya, with Sens.
By the mid-14th century, the entire small Asia is under the control of Osman Turks. In 1354, they traveled over Daren Neil into Europe. In this century, they had continuously achieved military victories to Europeans, into Macedonia, and captured Sofia, destroy the Serbian Empire, and captured the capital of the Empire Capital Capital Capital in 1453. Dingbao, this is the first time to send the group to this great capital to the first time. Then they were over from the Danube, defeating Hungary, siege, maintaining the huge pressure of more than a multi-century in Europe, and finally siege in Vienna in 1683, and later this ground across Eurasia's non-Three continents The huge empire began a long disintegration. process.
The capital of the Osman Empire is in Istanbul (ie Constantinople) in the West Bank of the Black Sea, but its territory is in Chia. This empire has across Sanzhou and western depth into Southeast Europe, reaching the north of Crimea and the outer Caucasus area, to the Boss border to the east, and extend into the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt, and extends along the North Non Coast. Its fading process is long and painful, is full of European powers aggression and bullying, but it is hateful in ignorance, backward, barbaric and dying struggle. Under the internal affair, the imperial rulers worship various magic weapons. After the 18th century, the Empire Sudan has worn the Gui-you who has in the Islamic world that has already been abandoned for hundreds of years, and implements the concept of "Osmanism" in the territory, emphasizing all the nations, all subjects to an empire, one The loyalty of the dynasty; later, they saw the value of panoramic use of Pan Islands and Pan Julicism. Pan Islands is a political thinking in the late 19th century, emphasizing all Muslims united, and jointly resist the invasion of European powers. Panmism is the intellectual intellectual in some Turkic language under the brutal rule of Tsar Russia. It is a proposition proposed to jointly oppose Turka Russia, and their leaders are suffered from Tshat. Persecution and escape to Turkey. They all mistakenly hoped their ideal hopes in the Osman Sudan, and the Imperial authorities immediately turned these ideas into tools that implement reactionary policies, both to be embodied in Muslims and Turkic people, and borrowed to resist the West The powers, maintain their dreams and rule of the empire. Even the "Youth Turkish Party", after the 1908 bourgeois revolution, I still inherited the internal and external policies of the previous feudal rulers, and turned the empire to the battlefield of European compensation, making it the main world war. One of the Warring States countries. Turkey, reborn, reborn
The Heritage of the Osman Empire in the melon is the important cause of European powers to launch the first World War. The failure in the war has made the Osman Empire to fall. Each of the oppressed nations have got rid of the rule of the empire, and the victory of the country, the British and Japanese and other countries attempted to further melons. Turkey. On the occasion of unprecedented national crisis, Turkey broke out the bourgeois revolution leaders in Kayell. They jointly, form a revolutionary army. After hard work, I finally expel the Greek invaders who supported the agreement of the country to win the victory of the national independence war.
With the victory of the national independence, Osman, Pan Islands and Pan Tsemis reappeared in Turkey. Kaimore resolutely refused the erosion and impact of these ideas on the revolution. He opposed the idea of restoring the territory and rule of the Osman Empire, and resolutely advocated the establishment of an independent Turkish national state, abolished the Sudanese system, established the Republic; he proposed that "Asia's new slogan is no longer a pannedist, but nationalism", abolishing Harley The system has established a secular rather than Islamic regime; he refused to "establish a new big Turki Empire, including the various Turkic Empires, including each Turkic nation and the nation of the Aegean Sea, think other places. Turkic brothers can get our sympathy and friendship, but they must determine their respective political future. Under the guidance of Kairen, a modern Turkish country grows rapidly in the ruins of the Osman Empire. Turkey after the founding of the People's Republic of China, basically followed the direction of Kaymore established for it.
Turkic nation and distribution of today's world
It can be seen from history that after the death of Turkic Khan, the descendants did not develop into a modern nation, "all the trusdom composition of all Turks" never existed, "transfantism" I have already been abandoned by history, "independent Dong Tutrin National" is an absurd myth.
"Turkic people" included the nation and their distribution
At present, the group of Turkic nation includes how many nations have not seen the accurate material, and only the quantity of language species can only be introduced from the language species. According to the general statement of Turkic linguists, these Chinese people include more than 30 languages, mainly Kazakh, Kirghiz, Uighur, Uzu (Uzbek), Tatar (Tartar), Sara language , Western Yugu, Azerbaijani, Turkanda, Yakoti, Alta, Turkish, etc. Adapt to this, the nation that is now using these languages should be calculated as a ticnicity. Most cases are a nation to use a language, but there is also a phenomenon in using multiple languages. The nation of the Seni-Languue language is mainly distributed in Russia, China, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia, etc., and some countries in Europe, the population exceeds 100 million. There is a part of the Chinese manager, Kazakh, Kirk, Uzu, Yugu, Sara, Tatar, and some parts of the Xinjiang Mongolian, and the population is nearly 10 million. The formation time of these nations is different. When some ethnic groups have been formed, other nations may be just one of many tribal or tribes, or is still the initial stage of formation. Due to historical reasons, these nations have had a common blood relationship, or the different nations have lived in the same area because of long-term living life, in language, custom habits have indeed some of the same or similar places. And when Islam conquered these areas, most of the tribes, tribes and nations are forced or voluntarily converted to Islam, which has made them a new common feature. Of course, in areas where Islam has not arrived, some national nations in the Seniors still have maintained the original beliefs or state, such as the Yugu, Russia, Russia, etc. in China. The concept of "Turkic" present now refers to the country of the main nation to use Turkician language. Such a country is now five, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan. Among the five countries, Turkey was long, and the Republic of Turkey was established in October 1923. Other four countries were announced in the 1991 Soviet Union.
"Turkic" and "Turkey" are two different concepts
From the name of the modern Turkic nation, and the word in Turk has a direct contact with the nation of Turkey, one is Turkmen. However, these two nations have been the development of an independent national development since the formation, and the Turk used when they are generally referred to as the nations, of course, "Turkic", modern The "Turkic" in the "Turkical language" "Turkic" and "Turkic" known as "Turkistan" place are more completely different. Other Turkic nations, whether it is in various tribe and tribal during the national formation, there is a special name after the formation of the nation, and it will not be called himself with "Turk".
Two words "Turkey" and "Turkic", because in some languages, the same or similar forms, give people a considerable confusion. English is a good example. The term "Turk" can be interpreted as "Turk", and it can be explained as "Turkic" in the Balkan to Siberia. Most languages generally have fixed words (such as English Turkey) when referring to "Turkey" countries, but often cannot be in the two concepts of "Turkicans" and "Turks" in some languages. Distinguish, need to be judged according to the context. This confusion tends to make people mistakenly derive "Turkish is Turk", "Turk is equal to Turki", "the nation of other languages using Turkician is also Turk, is a nation" such a ridiculous conclusion. Does the teachers have a common source?
The nation of the mutant language is from a common ancestor, and it should be said that it is also in the mouth of the language. According to some language theory, every language is from a most primitive common language, of course, according to this kind of study, the relationship between the language of the same language is more step more. These languages are called relatives. As a result, there is a statement of "Turkic language from the same common original language", and there is also the statement of "the nations of the manuscript also have a common source".
It must be pointed out that in the nation of using the Senior Language language, the relationship between some ethnic groups has been affirmed and proven, the entire tuten ethnic group has a common origin, and has not obtained historical, archaeological and human species. Fully proof and testing.
Although the above language theory is effective within a certain range, it is clear that it is obviously unscientific with it to reflect language. Its fatal weaknesses are to summarize the complex diversified development processes with ideal single programming and mode.
Sometimes, a language phenomenon can respond to social development law, but sometimes it will cover the complex social development process, and the relative relationship of the Altai language language has never been finally proven to be a most prominent example. There is no doubt that there is a lot of people in the nation of the nation. In the historical literature and archaeological materials, we can see many ancient people, tribes and national history. They have lived and event in the current Turkic ethnic regions, such as Turkicans, Huns, Celebrans, Spun, Mongolia, Persians, Arabs, and so on. The degree of source diversification even exceeds those who have long-lasting agricultural history. The formation of these nationalities is different, and the source ingredients are very complicated, and some even have significant differences in physical fitness, but they have similar things in language, customs, etc., which have a lot of reasons for this situation, but the most important Or long-term nomadic life in history, continuous war, and the tribe, tribal alliances and national constant differentiation, migration, re-combination. (Source: World Expo)
