Standard C Library

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Standard c library: http://www.cppreference.com/===================================== ========================================================================================================================================================00 ==================================

Standard CI / Oclearerr () clears errorsfclose () close a filefeof () true if at the end-of-fileferror () checks for a file errorfflush () writes the contents of the output bufferfgetc () get a character from a streamfgetpos () get the file position indicatorfgets () get a string of characters from a streamfopen () open a filefprintf () print formatted output to a filefputc () write a character to a filefputs () write a string to a filefread () read from a filefreopen () open an existing stream with a different namefscanf () read formatted input from a filefseek () move to a specific location in a filefsetpos () move to a specific location in a fileftell () returns the current file position indicatorfwrite () write to a filegetc () read a character from a filegetchar () read a character from STDINgets () read a string from STDINperror () displays a string version of the current error to STDERRprintf () write formatted output to STDOUTputc () write a character to a streamputchar () w rite a character to STDOUTputs () write a string to STDOUTremove () erase a filerename () rename a filerewind () move the file position indicator to the beginning of a filescanf () read formatted input from STDINsetbuf () set the buffer for a specific streamsetvbuf () set the buffer and size for a specific streamsprintf () write formatted output to a buffersscanf () read formatted input from a buffertmpfile () return a pointer to a temporary filetmpnam () return a unique filenameungetc () puts a character back into A streamvprintf, vsprintf, vsprintf write formatted output with variable argument lists ============================

================= Standard c string and character, () Converts a string to a doubleatoi () Converts a string to a longisalnum () TRUE IF alphanumericisalpha () true if alphabeticiscntrl () true if control characterisdigit () true if digitisgraph () true if a graphical characterislower () true if lowercaseisprint () true if a printing characterispunct () true if punctuationisspace () true if spaceisupper () true if uppercase characterisxdigit () true if a hexidecimal charactermemchr () searches an array for the first occurance of a charactermemcmp () compares two buffersmemcpy () copies one buffer to anothermemmove () moves one buffer to anothermemset () fills a buffer with a characterstrcat () concatenates two stringsstrchr () finds the first occurance of a character in a stringstrcmp () compares two stringsstrcoll () compares two strings in accordance to the current localestrcpy () copies one string to anotherstrcspn () searches one string f or any characters in anotherstrerror () returns a text version of a given error codestrlen () returns the length of a given stringstrncat () concatenates a certain amount of characters of two stringsstrncmp () compares a certain amount of characters of two stringsstrncpy () copies A Certain Amount of Characters from One String To Anotherstrpbrk () Finds The First Location of Any Character in One String,

in another stringstrrchr () finds the last occurance of a character in a stringstrspn () returns the length of a substring of characters of a stringstrstr () finds the first occurance of a substring of charactersstrtod () converts a string to a doublestrtok () finds the next token in a stringstrtol () converts a string to a longstrtoul () converts a string to an unsigned longstrxfrm () converts a substring so that it can be used by string comparison functionstolower () converts a character to lowercasetoupper () converts a character TO Uppercase ===================================================== Standard C Mathabs () absolute valueacos () arc cosineasin () arc sineatan () arc tangentatan2 () arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrantsceil () the smallest integer not less than a certain valuecos () cosinecosh () hyperbolic cosinediv () returns the quotient and Remainder of a divisionexp () Returns "e" raised to a given powerfabs () ABSOLUTE VALUE for floating-point number value for floating-point number value () Returns th e largest integer not greater than a given valuefmod () returns the remainder of a divisionfrexp () decomposes a number into scientific notationlabs () absolute value for long integersldexp () computes a number in scientific notationldiv () returns the quotient and remainder of a division , in long interest formlog () Natural Logarithmlog10 () Natural Logarithm,

in base 10modf () decomposes a number into integer and fractional partspow () returns a given number raised to another numbersin () sinesinh () hyperbolic sinesqrt () square roottan () tangenttanh () hyperbolic tangent ========= ===================================================== Standard C Time & Dateasctime () A Textual Version of the TimeClock ) returns the amount of time that the program has been runningctime () returns a specifically formatted version of the timedifftime () the difference between two timesgmtime () returns a pointer to the current Greenwich Mean Timelocaltime () returns a pointer to the current timemktime ( Returns the Calendar Version of a given timeStrftime () Returns Individual Elements of the date and timetime () Returns The current caledar time of the system ===================== ======================== Standard C MemoryCalloc () Allocates A Two-Dimensional Chunk of MemoryFree () Makes Memory Available for Future AllocationMalloc () Allocates MemoryRealloc () Allocates MemoryRealloc Changes the Si Ze of previously allocated memory ============================================= Other Standard C FunctionsAbort () Stops The Program IF AN Expression IsoN't trueXit () sets a

function to be called when the program exitsbsearch () perform a binary searchexit () stop the programgetenv () get enviornment information about a variablelongjmp () start execution at a certain point in the programqsort () perform a quicksortraise () send a signal to the programrand () returns a pseudorandom numbersetjmp () set execution to start at a certain pointsignal () register a function as a signal handlersrand () initialize the random number generatorsystem () perform a system callva_arg () use variable length parameter lists **** *********************************************************** *********************************************** ============ ========================================= STANDARD CI / OCLEARERRSYNTAX:

#include void clearrr (file * stream);

The clearrr function resets the error flags and eof indicator for the given stream. When an Error Occurs, You Can Use

PERROR () TO Figure Out Which Error Actually Occurred.Reled Topics: Feof (), Ferror (), and perror (). fclosesyntax:

#include int fclose (file * stream);

The function fclose () Closes The Given File Stream, Deallocating Any Buffers Associated with That Stream. Fclose () Returns 0

UPON SUCCESS, AND EOF Otherwise.Related Topics: Fopen (), Freopen () () FFLUSH () FeOfsyntax:

#include int feof (file * stream);

THE FUNCTION Feof () Returns A Nonzero Value If The End of The Given File Stream Has Been Reached.Reled Topics: Clearerr (), Ferror (), Perror (), PUTC (), getc () Ferrorsyntax:

#include int Ferror (file * stream);

The ferror () function looks for errors with stream, returning zero if no errors have occured, and non-zero if there is anerror In case of an error, use perror () to determine which error has occured.Related topics:. Clearerr ( ), feOf (), perror () fflushsyntax:

#include int fflush (file * stream);

If the given file stream is an output stream () causes the output buffer to be written to the file. If the given

Stream is of the input type, damlush () causes the input buffer to be cleared. fflush () is useful when debugging, IF a

Program segfaults before it has a chance to write output to the screen. Calling fflush (stdout) Directly after debugging. - DIRECTLY AFTER DEBUGGING

Output Will EnSure That Your Output Is Displayed At The Correct Time.

Printf ("Before first Call / N"); fflush (stdout); shady_function (); Printf ("Before Second Call / N"); FFLUSH (stdout); dangerous_dereference ();

Related Topics: fclose (), Fopen (), FREAD (), FWRITE (), getc (), PUTC () Fgetcsyntax:

#include int FGETC (File * stream);

THE FGETC () Function Returns The next Character from Stream, or EOF IF IS An Error.Reled Topics: FPUTC (), getc (), PUTC (), Fopen () FGETPOSSYNTAX:

#include int fgetpos (file * stream, fpos_t * position);

The Fgetpos () Function Stores The File Position Indicator of The Given File Stream in The Given Position Variable. The Given Position Variable..

Position variable is of type fpos_t (which is defined in stdio.h) and is an an Object That Can Hold Every Possible Position in A

File. Fgetpos () Returns ZERO UPON SUCCESS, AND A NON-ZERO VALUE UPON Failure.Reled Topics: fsetpos (), fseek (), ftell () fgetssyntax:

#include char * fgets (Char * Str, Int Num, File * stream); The Function Fgets () Reads Up to Num - 1 Characters from The Given File Stream and Dumps Them Into Str. fgets () Will STOP

WHEN It Reaches The end of a line, in which case str will be terminated with a newline. if fgets () Reaches Num - 1 Characters

OR Encounters the EOF, STR WILL BE NULL-TERMINATED. FGETS () Returns Str on success, and null on an error.fopensyntax:

#include file * fopen (const char * fname, const char * mode);

THE FOPEN () Function Opens A File Indicated by FName and Returns A Stream Associated with That File. If There is an error,

FOPEN () Returns Null. Mode Is Used To Determine How The File Will BE Treated (IE for Input, Output, etc) Mode Meaning "R" Open a Text File forread "W" Create a Text File for Writing "a" Append TO a TEXT FILE "RB" Open a binary file forread "wb" Create a binary File for Writing "ab" append to a binary file "r " Open a text file forread / write "w " Create a Text File for Read / Write "a " Open A TEXT FILE for READ / WRITE "RB " Open A Binary File for Read / Write "WB " Create a Binary File for Read / Write "Ab " Open A Binary File for Read / Write

AN EXAMPLE:

Char ch; file * infut = fopen ("stuff", "r"); ch = getc (input);

FPrintfsyntax:

#include int fprintf (file * stream, const char * format, ...);

.............................. ...Claizes.

FPRINTF () Works Just Like Printf () AS Far As The Format Goes The Return Value of Fprintf () Is The Numr of Charactersoutputted, or a NEGATIVE NUMBER IF An Error Occurs. AN EXAMPLE:

Char name [20] = "Mary"; file * out; out = fopen ("output.txt", "w"); if (out! = null) fprintf (out, "hello% s / n", name) ;

Related Topics: Printf (), fscanf () FPUTCSYNTAX:

#include int FPUTC (INT CH, File * stream);

The function fputc () Writes The Given Character Ch To The Given Output Stream. The return value is the character, unless

There is an error, in which case the return value is eof.related topics: fgetc (), fopen (), fPrintf (), FREAD (), fwrite () fputssyntax:

#include int FPUTS (Const Char * STR, File * stream);

The fputs () Function Writes An Array of Characters Pointed to by Str To The Given Output Stream. The return value is

Non-Negative On Success, And Eof On Failure.Reled Topics: Fgets (), Gets (), PUTS (), FPRINTF (), fscanf () FREADSYNTAX:

#include int full (void * buffer, size_t size, size_t num, file * stream);

THE FUNCTION FREAD () READS NUMBER OF Objects (Where Each Object Is Size Bytes) And Places The Array Pointed To

BY BUFFER. The Data comes from the Given Input Stream. The return value of the function is the number of things ready ... USE OF SHING SIT ... USE NUMBER OF THINGS Read ... Use THE

FeOf () or ferror () to Figure out if an error occurs.related Topics: fwrite (), fopen (), fscanf (), fgetc (), getc () Freopensyntax:

#include file *freopen (const char * fname, const char * model, file * stream);

The Freopen () Function is used to reasonN an existing stream to a different file and mode. After a call to this function,

The Given File Stream Will Refer to Fname with Access Given By Mode. The return value of freopen () is the new stream, or nullif the an an error.related Topics: fopen (), fclose () fscanfsyntax:

#include int fscanf (file * stream, const char * format, ...);

THE FUNCTION FSCANF () Reads Data from The Given File Stream in a manner exactly like scanf (). The return value of fscanf () IS

THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES THATE ACTUALLY Assigned Values, or EOF iF no assignments: scanf (), fprintf () fseeksyntax:

#include int FSeek (file * stream, long offset, int origin);

The Function FSeek () Sets The File Position Data for The Given Stream. The Origin Value Should Have ONE of the FOLLOWING

VALUES (Defined In stdio.h): Name ExplanationSeek_set seek from the start of the fileseek_cur seeek from the current locationseek_end seek from the end of the file

FSeek () Returns Zero Upon Success, Non-Zero On Failure. You can use fseek () to move beyond a file, but not before the

Beginning. Using fseek () Clears The EOF FLAG Associated with That Stream.Related Topics: ftell (), rebos (), fopen (), fsetpos (), fsetpos () FSETPOSSYNTAX:

#include int FSETPOS (file * stream, const fpos_t * position);

................ ..

FPOS_T is defined in stdio.h. The return value for fsetpos () is Zero Upon Success, Non-Zero on Failure.Reled Topics: fgetpos (), fseek (), ftell () Ftellsyntax:

#include long ftell (file * stream);

The Ftell () Function Returns The Current File Position for stream, or -1 if an error ocurs.related Topics: fseek (), fgetpos () FWRITESYNTAX:

#include int fwrite (const void * buffer, size_t size, size_t count, FILE * stream); The fwrite () function writes, from the array buffer, count objects of size size to stream The return value is. The Number of

Objects Written.Reled Topics: Fread (), FScanf (), getc (), FGetc () getCsyntax:

#include int GETC (File * Stream);

THE getc () Function Returns the next character from stream, or eof if the end of file is reached. Getc () is identical to

Fgetc (). for example:

Char ch; file * infut = fopen ("stuff", "r"); ch = getc (input); while (ch! = EOF) {printf ("% c", ch); ch = Getc (input); }

Related Topics: FPUTC (), FGetc (), PUTC (), Fopen () getcharsyntax:

#include int getchar (void);

The getchar () Function Returns the next character from stdin, or eof if the end of file is reached.related to ipics: fputc (), fgetc (), PUTC (), fopen () getssyntax:

#include char * gets (char * STR);

The gets () Function Reads Characters from stdin and loads Them Into Str, UnTil A Newline or EOF Is Reached. The Newline

Character is translated into a null termination. The return value of gets () is the read-in string, or null if there is an

Error.Reled Topics: fputs (), fgetc (), fgets (), PUTS () PERRORSYNTAX:

#include void perror (const char * STR);

The perror () function prints str and an importation-defined Error Message Corresponding to the global variable errno.printfsyntax:

#include int printf (const char * format, ...);

THE PRINTF () Function Prints Output to Stdout, According to Format and Other Arguments Passed to Printf (). The string format

consists of two types of items - characters that will be printed to the screen, and format commands that define how the otherarguments to printf () are displayed Basically, you specify a format string that has text in it, as well as "special".

Characters That map to the Other arguments of printf (). for example, this code

Char name [20] = "bob"; int Age = 21; Printf ("Hello% S, You are% D Years OLD / N", Name, AGE);

Displays the folowing output:

Hello Bob, You are 21 years old

The% s means, "INSERT The First Argument, A String, Right Here." The% D INDICATES That The Second Argument (an inTeger)

SHOULD BE PLAECED THERE. There Are Different% -Codes for Different Variable Types, AS Well As Options To Limit The Length of

The Variable 4 and whatnet.code format% C Character% D Signed Integers% i Signed Integers% E Scientific Notation, with a LowerCase "E"% E Scientific Notation, with a uppercase "e"% f floating point% g USE% e OR % f, whichever is shorter% G use% E or% f, whichever is shorter% o octal% s a string of characters% u unsigned integer% x unsigned hexadecimal, with lowercase letters% X unsigned hexadecimal, with uppercase letters% p a Pointer% N the argument shaverto which is placed the number of character of characterswritten so far %% a '%' SIGN

An Integer Placed Between a% Sign and The Format Command Acts AS A MINIMUM FIELD WIDTH Specifier, and Pads the Output with

You can use a precision modifier, Which Has Different Meanings Depronding on the format code being used.

* WITH% E, And% F, The Precision Modifier Lets You Specify The Number of Decimal Places Desired. For example,% 12.6f

will display a floating number at least 12 digits wide, with six decimal places. * With% g and% G, the precision modifier determines the maximum number of significant digits displayed. * With% s, the precision modifer simply acts as a maximumfield length , to Complement the minimum field length That

Precedes the period.

All of printf () 's Output Is Right-Justified, UNSS You Place A Minus Sign Right After the% Sign. For Example,

% -12.4f

Will Display A Floating Point Number with a Minimum of 12 Characters, 4 Decimal Places, And Left Justified. You May Modify

THE% D,% i,% o,% u, and% x type specifiers with the letter l and the letter h to specify long and shring data type (E.g.% HD

Means a short integer. THE% E,% F, AND% G Type Specifiers Can Have The Letter L Before Them To Indicate That A Double

FOLLOWS. THE% G,% F, AND% e Type Specifiers Can Be Preceded with the character '#' TOSURE That The Decimal Point Will BE

Present, Even if there is no decimal digits. The use of the '#' Character with the% x type specifier indeicates That

Hexidecimal Number Should Be Printed with the '0x' Prefix. The Use of the '#' Character with the% o Type Specifier INDICATES

That The Octal Value Should Be Displayed With A 0 prefix.

You can Also include Constant Escape sequences in the output string.

THE RETURN VALUE OF Printf () Is The Numr Of Characters Printed, or a NEGATIVE NUMBER IF An Error Occurred.Reled Topics: Scanf (), FPRINTF () PUTCSYNTAX:

#include int PUTC (int CH, File * stream);

The Putc () Function Writes The Character Ch To Stream. The Return Value Is The Character Written, or EOF IF IHERE IS ANERROR. For example:

Char ch; file * input, * output; input = fopen ("tmp.c", "r"); output = fopen ("tmpcopy.c", "w"); ch = Getc (input); while (chile) ! = EOF) {PUTC (CH, OUTPUT); CH = Getc (INPUT);} fclose (input); fclose (Output);

GENERATES A COPY OF THE FILE TMP.C Called Tmpcopy.c.Reled Topics: Fgetc (), FPUTC (), getchar (), PUTCHAR () PUTCHARSYNTAX:

#include int putchar (int CH);

The Putchar () Function Writes Ch To Stdout. The Code

PUTCHAR (CH);

Is the Same as

PUTC (CH, STDOUT);

The return value of putchar () is The Written Character, or EOF IF IS An Error.Reled Topics: PUTC () Putssyntax:

#include int Puts (char * STR);

The function puts () WRITES STR TO STDOUT. PUTS () Returns Non-Negative ON Success, or EOF ON Failure.Reled Topics: PUTC (), gets (), Printf () RemoveSyntax:

#include int Remove (const char * fname);

The remove () Function Erases the file specified by fname. The return value of remove () IS ZERO UPON SUCCESS, AND NON-ZERO IF

There is an error.related Topics: rename () RenameSyntax:

#include int rename (const char * newfname);

THE FUNCTION RENAME () CHANGES The name of the file oldfname to newfname. The return value of rename () is Zero Upon Success,

Non-Zero On Error.related Topics: Remove () REWINDSYNTAX:

#include Void Rewind (file * stream);

THE FUNCTION REWIND () MOVES The File Position Indicator To The Beginning of The Specified Stream, Also Clearing The Error and

EOF Flags Associated with That Stream.Reled Topics: fseek () scanfsyntax: #include int scanf (const char * format, ...);

The scanf () Function Reads Input from stdin, According to the Given Format, and Stores The Data in The Other Arguments. IT

Works a lot like printf (). The Format String Consists of Control Characters, Whitespace Characters, And non-white

Characters. The Control Characters Are Precededed by a% Sign, And Are As Follows: Control Character Explanation% C A Single Character% D A Decimal Integer% I An Integer% E,% F,% G A floating-point number% o AN Octal Number% s A string% x a hexadecimal number% P a pointer% n an integer equal to the number of character in characters read so far% u An unsigned integer [] a set of characters %% a percent sign

Scanf () Reads The Input, Matching The Characters from Format. When a Control Character Is Read, IT Puts The Value in The Next

Variable. Whitespace (Tabs, Spaces, etc) Are Skipped. Non-Whitespace Characters Are Matched to The Input, Then Discarded. IF

A Number Comes Between THE% Sign and The Control Character, The Only That Many Characters Will Be Converted Into The

Variable. if scanf () Encounters a set of character [] Control Character, THEN Any Characters Found Wtem

The Brackets Are Read Into The Variable. The Return Value of Scanf () Is The Number of Variables That Wee SuccessFully

Assigned Values, or EOF if there is an error.related topics: printf () and fscanf (). setbufsyntax:

#include void setbuf (file * stream, char * buffer);

The setbuf () Function Sets Stream To Use Buffer, OR, IF Buffer IS NULL, TURNS OFFERING. IF A NON-Standard Buffer Size IS

Used, IT Should by Bufsiz Characters Long.related Topics: Fopen (), Fclose (), SetVBUF (), Setvbufsyntax: #include int set * stream, char * buffer, int mode, size_t size) ;

The function setvbuf () Sets The Buffer for Stream To Buffer, with a size of size. Mode can be:

* _Iofbf, Which indeicates full buffering * _iolbf, Which means line buffering * _ionbf, Which means no buffering

Related Topics: SetBuf (), Sprintfsyntax:

#include int sprintf (char * buffer, const char * format, ...);

THE SPRINTF () Function is Just Like Printf (), Except That The Output is Sent To Buffer. The Return Value Is The Number of

Characters Written. for example:

Char string [50]; int file_number = 0; sprintf (string, "file.% d", file_number); file_number ; output_file = fopen (String, "W");

Related Topics: Printf (), fsprintf (), SSCANFSYNTAX:

#include int sscanf (const char * buffer, const char * format, ...);

The function sscanf () IS JUST LIKE Scanf (), Excepter That The Input is read from buffer.related Topics: scanf (), fscanf (), TMPFILESYNTAX:

#include file * tmpfile (void);

The function tempfile () Opens a Temporary File with an unique filename and returns a pointer to thing file. If there is an

Error, NULL IS RETURNED.RED TOPICS: TMPNAM (), TMPNAMSYNTAX:

#include char * tmpnam (char * name);

TmpNam () Function Creates An Unique FileName and Stores It in Name. TmpNam () Can Be Called Up To TMP_MAX Times.Reled Topics: TMPFile (), Ungetcsyntax:

#include int ungetc (int CH, File * stream);

The function ungetc () puts the character ch back in stream.Related topics: getc (), vprintf, vfprintf, and vsprintfSyntax: #include #include int vprintf (char * format, va_list arg_ptr Int Vfprintf (file * stream, const char * format, va_list arg_ptr); int vsprintf (char * buffer, char * format, va_list arg_ptr);

Thase Functions Are Very Much Like Printf (), FPRINTF (), and Sprintf (). The Difference Is That The Argument List Is a Pointer

To a list of arguments. va_list is defined in stdarg.h, and is also used by va_arg (). for example:

Void Error (Char * fmt, ...) {va_list args; va_start (args, fmt); fprintf (stderr, "error:"); vfprintf (stderr, fmt, args); fprintf (stderr, "/ n") ; Va_end (args); exit (1);

===================================================== Standard C String & CharacteratOfsyntax :

#include Double Atof (const char * str);

THE FUNCTION ATOF () Converts Str Into A Double, The Returns That Value. Str Must Start with a Valid Number, But Can Be

Terminated with any non-numeric Character, Other Than "E" or "e". for example,

X = ATOF ("42.0is_the_answer");

Results in x being set to 42.0.related topics: atoi () And atol (). ATOISYNTAX:

#include int atoi (const char * STR);

THE ATOI () Function Converts Str Into An Integer, And Returns That Integer. Str Should Start with Some Sort of Number, And

ATOI () Will Stop Reading from Str As Soon A Non-Numeric Character Has Been Read. for Example, I = ATOI ("512.035");

Would Result In I Being Set To 512.Reled Topics: ATOF () And atol (). atolsyntax:

#include long atol (const char * STR);

THE FUNCTION ATOL () Converts Str Into a long, Then Returns That Value. Atol () Will Read from Str Until It Finds Any Character

That Should Not Be in a long. The resulting truncated value is the resulting truncated value. for example,

X = atol ("1024.0001");

Results in x being set to 1024l.related Topics: ATOF () And atoi (). IsalnumSyntax:

#include int isalNum (int CH);

THE FUNCTION ISALNUM () RETURNS NON-ZERO if ITS ARGUMENT IS A NUMERIC DIGIT OR A Letter of The Alphabet. OtherWise, Zero IS

Returned.

Char C; scanf ("% c", & c); IF (isalNum (c)) Printf ("You Entered the alphapleric character% C / N", C);

Related Topics: Isalpha (), ISCNTRL (), ISDITI (), ISGRAPH (), isprint (), ISPUNCT (), and Isspace (). Isalphaasyntax:

#include int isalpha (int CH);

........................ ..

Char C; Scanf ("% C", & C); IF (isalpha (c)) Printf ("You Entered a letter of the alphabet / n");

Related Topics: IsalNum (), ISCNTRL (), ISDIGIT (), ISGRAPH (), isprint (), ISPUNCT (), and ISSPACE (). ISCNTRLSYNTAX:

#include int iscntrl (int CH);

The ISCNTRL () Function Returns Non-Zero if ITS Argument Is A Control Character (BetWeen 0 and 0x1f or Equal to 0x7f).

Otherwise, Zero Is Returned.Reled Topics: Isalnum (), Isalpha (), ISDIGIT (), ISGRAPH (), ISPRINT (), ISPUNCT () (), Isspace (). IsdigitsynTax: #include int isdigit int CH);

The function isdigit () Returns Non-Zero if iten 0 and 9. OtherWise, Zero is returned.

Char C; Scanf ("% C", & C); IF (Isdigit (c)) Printf ("You Entered the Digit% C / N", C);

Related Topics: Isalnum (), Isalpha (), ISCNTRL (), ISGRAPH (), isprint (), ISPUNCT (), and Isspace (). ISGRAPHSYNTAX:

#include int isgraph (int CH);

THE FUNCTION ISGRAPH () Returns Non-Zero if ITS Argument is any printable character Other Than a space (if you can see the the

CHARACTER, THEN ISGRAPH () WILL RETURN A NON-ZERO VALUE). Otherwise, Zero Is Returned.Reled Topics: Isalnum (), Isalpha (), ISCNTRL (), Isdigit (), ISPRINT (), ISPUNCT (), And Isspace () .slowersyntax:

#include int islower (int CH);

The islower () Function Returns Non-Zero if ITS Argument is a Lowercase Letter. OtherWise, Zero is Returned.Reled Topics: Isupper () isprintsyntax:

#include int isprint (int CH);

The function isprint () Returns Non-Zero if ITS Argument is a cotable character (include). OtherWise, Zero IS

Returned.Reled Topics: Isalnum (), Isalpha (), ISCNTRL (), ISDIGIT (), ISGRAPH (), ISPUNCT (), and Isspace (). ISPUNCTSYNTAX:

#include int ipepunct (int CH);

Otherwise, Zero Is Returned.Reled Topics: Isalnum (), Isalpha (), ISCNTRL (), ISDITI (), ISGRAPH (), isprint (), and issspace (). IsspaceSyntax:

#include int ily (int CH);

The isspace () function returns non-zero if its argument is some sort of space (ie single space, tab, vertical tab, formfeed, carriage return, or newline) Otherwise, zero is returned.Related topics:. Isalnum (), isalpha (), ISCNTRL (), ISDIGIT (), ISGRAPH (), and ispunct (). Isuppersyntax:

#include int isupper (int CH);

THE ISUPPER () Function Returns Non-Zero if ITS Argument is an uppercase letter. Otherwise, Zero is returned.related topics: TOLOWER () isxdigitsyntax:

#include int isxdigit (int CH);

The function isxdigit () Returns Non-Zero if ITS Argument is a hexidecimal Digit (i.e. A-f, A-f, or 0-9). Otherwise, Zero IS

Returned.Reled Topics: Isalnum (), Isalpha (), ISCNTRL (), ISDIGIT (), ISGRAPH (), ISPUNCT (), and Isspace (). Memchrsyntax:

#include void * Memchr (Const void * buffer, int ch, size_t count);

THE MEMCHR () Function Looks for the First Occurrence of Ch Withnin Count Characters in The Array Pointed to by Buffer. The

Return Value Points to the Location of the First Occurrence of Ch, or Null IF Ch Isn't Found. For example:

Char names [] = "Alan Bob Chris X Dave"; IF (Memchr (Names, 'X', Strlen (Names)) == NULL) Printf ("DIDN't Find AN X / N"); Else Printf ("" Found AN X / N ");

Related Topics: Memcpy () and strsTr (). Memcmpsyntax:

#include int memory (const void * buffer2, size_t count);

. The function memcmp () compares the first count characters of buffer1 and buffer2 The return values are as follows: Value Explanationless than 0 buffer1 is less than buffer2equal to 0 buffer1 is equal to buffer2greater than 0 buffer1 is greater than buffer2

Related Topics: Memchr (), Memcpy (), and strcmp (). Memcpysyntax: #include void * memcpy (void * to, const void * from, size_t count);

THE Function Memcpy () Copies Count Characters from The Array from To The Array To. Memcpy () Returns To. The Behavior of

Memcpy () is undefined if to and from overlap.related Topics: Memmove (). MemmoveSyntax:

#include void * Memmove (void * to, const void * from, size_t count);

THE MEMMOVE () Function Is Identical To Memcpy (), Excepter That IT Works Even if to and from overlap.related Topics: memcpy (). Memsetsyntax:

#include void * Memset (Void * Buffer, Int Ch, Size_t Count);

THE FUNCTION MEMSET () COPIES Ch INTO The First Count Characters of Buffer, And Returns Buffer. Memset () IS USEful for

Intializing a section of memory to some value. for example, this command:

MEMSET (THE_ARRAY, '/ 0', SIZEOF (THE_ARRAY);

IS a VERY Efficient Way To Set All Values of the_Array to Zero.related Topics: Memcmp (), Memcpy (), and memmove (). Strcatsyntax:

#include char * strcat (char * str1, const char * STR2);

The strcat () Function Concatenates str2 ONTO The End of str1, and returns str1. For example:

Printf ("Enter Your Name:"); scanf ("% s", name); title = strcat (name, "the great"); Printf ("Hello,% S / N", Title);

Related Topics: strChr (), strcmp (), and structax (). Strchrsyntax:

#include char * str, int CH);

THE FUNCTION STRCHR () RETURns a Pointer To The First Occurence of Ch in Str, or Null If Ch Is Not Found.Reled Topics: Strpbrk (), Strspn (), strstr (), and stratok (). Strcmpsyntax:

#include int strcmp (const char * str1, const char * str2); The function strcmp () compares str1 and str2, then returns: Return value Explanationless than 0 str1 is less than str2equal to 0 str1 is equal to Str2greater Than 0 str2 Is Greater Than Str2

For example:

Printf ("Enter Your Name:"); Scanf ("% S", Name); if (StrCMP (Name, "Mary") == 0) Printf ("Hello, Dr. Mary! / N");

Related Topics: Memcmp (), Strchr (), STRCPY (), and strncmp (). Strcollsyntax:

#include int strcoll (const char * str2);

THE STRCOLL () Function Compares str1 and str2, much like strcmp. However, strcoll () Performs the Comparison Using The Locale

Specified by the setlocale () Function.StrcPysyntax:

#include char * STRCPY (Char * to, const char * from ");

THE STRCPY () Function Copies Characters in the string from to the string to, incruding the null termination. The return value

Is to.Reled Topics: Memcpy (), STRCHR (), STRCMP (), Strncmp (), and strncpy (). STRCSPNSYNTAX:

#include size_t strcspn (const char * str2);

THE FUNCTION STRCSPN () RETURns The index of the first character in str1 That matches any of the characters in str2.related Topics: Strrchr (), strpbrk (), strr (), and stratok (). STRERRORSYNTAX:

#include char * strerror (int Num);

The function strerror () Returns an "Implementation Defined String Corresponding to Num." Strlensyntax:

#include size_t strlen (char * STR);

The strlen () function returns the length of str (determined by the number of characters before null termination) .Related topics: memcpy (), strchr (), strcmp (), and strncmp () strncatSyntax:. #Include Char * STRNCAT (Char * STR1, Const Char * str2, size_t count);

THE FUNCTION STRNCAT () Concatenates At MOST CHARACTERS OF STR2 ONTO STR1, ADDING A NULL TERMINATION. The Resulting

String is returned.related topics: strcat (), strnchr (), strncmp (), and strncpy (). Strncmpsyntax:

#include int strncmp (const char * str2, const char * str2, size_t count);

The strncmp () function compares at most count characters of str1 and str2 The return value is as follows:. Return value Explanationless than 0 str1 is less than str2equal to 0 str1 is equal to str2greater than 0 str1 is greater than str2

If The Comparison Will Stop After The First Null Termination IS

Encountered.Reled Topics: strcmp (), strnchr (), and strncpy (). STRNCPYSYNTAX:

#include char * STRNCPY (Char * to, const char * from, size_t count);

THE STRNCPY () Function Copies at MOST Count Characters of from To The String To. If From Has Less Than Count Characters, THE

Remainder is Padded with '/ 0' Characters. The return value is the resulting string.related payics: memcpy (), strchr (), strncat (), and strncmp (). StrPBRKSYNTAX:

#include char * STRPBRK (const char * str2);

THE FUNCTION STRPBRK () RETURns a Pointer To The First Ocurrence In str2, or nulliff in

Present.Reled Topics: strspn () (), Strrchr (), strstr (), and stratock (). Strrchrsyntax:

#include char * STRCHR (Const Char * STR (INTCCH); The function strrchr () Returns a Pointer to the Last Occurrence of Ch in Str, or null if no match is found.Reled Topics: strpbrk ), strspn (), strstr (), startok (), strspnsyntax:

#include size_t strspn (const char * str2);

THE STRSPN () Function Returns The Index of The First Character in str1 tr2.related topics: strpbrk (), strrchr (), strstr (), strrchr (), strstr (), strrchr (), strsTRSYNTAX:

#include char * strs (const char * str1);

THE FUNCTION STRSTR () RETURns a Pointer To The First Occurrence of Str2 in str1, or null if no match is found.related Topics: strchr (), strcspn (), strpbrk (), strspn (), strpbrk (), strspn (), strpbrk (), Strrchr ( STRTODSYNTAX:

#include Double Strtod (const char * start, char **);

The Function Strtod () Returns WhatVer It Encounters First in Start As A Double. End Is Set To Point At Whatver IS LEFT IN

START AFLOW OCCURS, STRTOD () Returns Either HUGE_VAL OR - Huge_Val.Reled Topics: ATOF () STRTOKSYNTAX:

#include char * STRTOK (Char * str1, const char * str2);

The Strtok () Function Returns a Pointer to the next "token" in str1, where str2 contains the delimiters That Determine THE

Token. Strtok () Returns Null if no token is found. in Order to Convert a String To Tokens, The First Call To Strtok () Should

For example:

Char str [] = "now # is the time for all # good men to come to the # aid of their country; char delims [] =" # "; char * result = null; result = str, Delims While (Result! = Null) {Printf ("Result IS /"% s / "/ n", result); result = strtok (null, delims);} The Above Code Will Display the Following Output:

Result IS "now" Result is "Good men to come to the" Result is "Aid of their country"

Related Topics: Strchr (), STRCSPN (), Strpbrk (), Strrchr (), and strsPN (). STRTOLSYNTAX:

#include long strtol (const char * start, char ** end, int base);

THE STRTOL () Function Returns Whatver IT Encounters First in Start As A Long, Doing The Conversion To Base if Necessary. End

IS set to point to what for the long. if The result can not be represented by a long, damol ()

Returns Either long_max or long_min. zero is returned upon error.Reled Topics: atol (). StrtoulSyntax:

#include unsigned long strtoul (const char * start, char ** end, int base);

THE Function Strtoul () Behaves Exactly Like Strtol (), Except That It Returns An Unsigned Long Rather Than A Mere Long.related Topics: Strtol () StrxFrmsyntax:

#include size_t strxfrm (Char * str1, const char * str2, size_t num);

The strxfrm () Function Manipulates The First Num Characters of str2 and stores the result is self hat if a

Strcoll () Is Performed on str1 and the old str2, you will get the Same result as with a strcmp (). Related Topics: strcmp (), strcoll (), TOLOWERSYNTAX:

#include int TOLOWER (int CH);

The function tolower () Returns The Lowercase Version of the Character Ch.Reled Topics: TouPper (), TouPPersyntax:

#include int TouPper (int CH);

The Toupper () Function Returns The Uppercase Version of the Character Ch.Reled Topics: TOLOWER (), ============================= ================ Abssyntax:

#include int ABS (INT NUM);

The ABS () Function Returns The Absolute Value of Num. For example:

INT MAGIC_NUMBER = 10; COUT << "Enter a Guess:"; CIN >> X; COUT << "Your Guess WAS" << ABS (Magic_Number - x) << "Away from The Magic Number." << endl;

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