C Standard Library
[Last Modified: 2003.07.09]
Contents
Void Assert (int Expression);
Macro Used for Internal Error Detection. (Ignored IF
NDebug is defined Where
Expression Equals Zero, Message Printed On
STDERR AND
Abort caled to terminate Execution. Source Filename and Line Number in Message Are Are from Preprocessor Macros
__File__ and
__LINE__.
[Contents]
Int isalNum (INT C);
Isalpha (c) OR
Isdigit (c)
Int Isalpha (INT C);
iSupper (c) or
Islower (C)
INT ISCNTRL (INT C);
IS Control Character. in Ascii, Control Characters Are
0x00 (
NUL) TO
0x1f (
US), AND
0x7f (
DEL)
Int isdigit (INT C);
Is Decimal Digit
INT isgraph (int C);
Is Printing Character Other Than Space
Int Islower (INT C);
Is Lower-Case Letter
INT isprint (int C);
IS Printing Character (Including Space). in Ascii, Printing Characters Are
0x20 (
'') TO
0x7e (
'~')
INT ISPUNCT (INT C);
Is Printing Character Other Than Space, Letter, Digit
INT ISSPACE (INT C);
IS Space, Formfeed, Newline, Carriage Return, Tab, Vertical Tab
Int Isupper (int C);
IS Upper-Case Letter
INT isxdigit (int C);
Is Hexadecimal Digit
Int TOLOWER (INT C);
Return Lower-Case Equivalent
INT Toupper (int C);
Return Upper-Case Equivalent
[Contents]
Errno
Object to which
Certain Library Functions Assign Specific Positive Values on Error
EDOM
Code Used for domain errors
Ereg
Code Used for Range Errors
NOTES:
Other importation-defined to determine the value (if any) assigned to errno by a library function, a proteo by a library function, a proteo by a library function, a proteo by a library function, a program shop
[Contents]
FLT_RADIX
Radix of floating-point representations
FLT_ROUNDs
FLOATING-POINT ROUNDING MODE
WHERE The Prefix "fl" Pertains to Type Float, "DBL" to Type Double, and "ldbl" to type long double:
FLT_DIG
DBL_DIG
LDBL_DIG
Precision (in Decimal Digits)
FLT_EPSILON
DBL_EPSILON
LDBL_EPSILON
Smallst Number
X Such That
1.0 x! = 1.0
FLT_MANT_DIG
DBL_MANT_DIG
LDBL_MANT_DIG
Number of Digits, Base
FLT_RADIX, IN MANTISSA
FLT_MAX
DBL_MAX
LDBL_MAX
Maximum Number
FLT_MAX_EXP
DBL_MAX_EXP
LDBL_MAX_EXP
Largest Positive Integer Exponent to which
FLT_RADIX Can Be Raised and Remain Representable
FLT_MIN
DBL_MIN
LDBL_MIN
Minimum Normaliad Number
FLT_MIN_EXP
DBL_MIN_EXP
LDBL_MIN_EXP
Smallst Negative Integer Exponent to which
FLT_RADIX Can Be Raised and Remain Representable
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Char_bit
Number of bits in a
charr
Char_max
Maximum Value Of Type
charr
Char_min
Minimum Value Of Type
charr
Schar_max
Maximum Value Of Type
Signed char
Schar_min
Minimum Value Of Type
Signed char
UCHAR_MAX
Maximum Value Of Type
Unsigned char
SHRT_MAXMAXIMUM VALUE OF TYPE
Short
SHRT_MIN
Minimum Value Of Type
Short
Ushrt_max
Maximum Value Of Type
Unsigned short
INT_MAX
Maximum Value Of Type
int
INT_MIN
Minimum Value Of Type
int
UINT_MAX
Maximum Value Of Type
Unsigned int
Long_max
Maximum Value Of Type
Long
Long_min
Minimum Value Of Type
Long
Ulong_max
Maximum Value Of Type
Unsigned long
[Contents]
Struct Lconv
Describes Formatting of Monetary and other Numeric Values:
CHAR * DECIMAL_POINT;
Decimal Point for Non-Monetary Values
Char * grouping;
Sizes of Digit Groups for non-monTary Values
CHAR * THOUSANDS_SEP;
Separator for Digit Groups for Non-Monetary VALUES (Left of "Decimal Point")
CHAR * CURRENCY_SYMBOL;
Currency Symbol
CHAR * INT_CURR_SYMBOL;
International Currency Symbol
Char * MON_DECIMAL_POINT;
Decimal Point for Monetary Values
Char * MON_GROUPING;
Sizes of Digit Groups for Monetary Values
Char * MON_THOUSANDS_SEP;
Separator for Digit Groups for Monetary Values (Left of "Decimal Point")
CHAR * NEGATIVE_SIGN;
Negative Sign for Monetary Values
Char * posTIVE_SIGN;
Positive Sign for Monetary Values
CHAR FRAC_DIGITS;
Number of Digits To Be Displayed to Right of "Decimal Point" for Monetary Values
CHAR INT_FRAC_DIGITS;
Number of Digits To Be Displayed to Right of "Decimal Point" for International Monetary Values
Char n_cs_precedes;
WHETER CURRENCY SYMBOL PRECEDES
1) Or Follows
0) NEGATIVE MONETARY VALUES
CHAR N_SEP_BY_SPACE;
WHETHER CURRENCY SYMBOL IS
1) or is not
0) Separated by Space from Negative Monetary Values
Char n_sign_posn;
Format for Negative Monetary Values:
0
ParentheSes Surround Quantity and Currency Symbol
1
Sign Precedes Quantity and Currency Symbol2
Sign Follows Quantity and Currency Symbol
3
SIGN IMMEDIATELY Precedes Currency Symbol
4
Sign Immediely Follows Currency Symbol
CHAR P_CS_PRECEDES;
WHETER CURRENCY SYMBOL PRECEDES
1) Or Follows
0) Positive Monetary Values
CHAR P_SEP_BY_SPACE;
WHETHER CURRENCY SYMBOL IS
1) or is not
0) Separated by Space from non-negative monetary value
CHAR P_SIGN_POSN;
Format For Non-Negative Monetary Values, with Values as for
N_SIGN_POSN
Implementations May Change Field ORDER AND INCLUDE ADDITILDS.
Standard C Library Functions Use ONLY
Decimal_point.
Struct LCONV * LocaleConv (Void);
Returns Pointer to Formatting Information for Current Locale
Char * setLocale (int Category, Const Char * locale);
Sets Components of Locale According to Specified
Category and
Locale. Returns string describing new locale or null on error. (Implementations Are Permitted to Define Values
Category Additional To Those Describe Here.)
LC_all
Category Argument for All Categories
LC_NUMERIC
Category for numeric formatting information
LC_MONTARY
Category for Monetary Formatting Information
LC_COLLATE
Category for Information Affecting Collating Functions
LC_CTYPE
Category for information affecting
Character Class Tests Functions
LC_TIME
Category for Information Affecting Time Conversions Functions
NULL
Null Pointer Constant
[Contents]
On domain error, implementation-defined value returned and errno set to EDOM. On range error, errno set to ERANGE and return value is HUGE_VAL with correct sign for overflow, or zero for underflow. Angles are in radians.
HUGE_VAL
MAGNITUDE RETURNED (with Correct Sign) ON overflow Error
Double Exp (Double X);
Exponential OFX
Double log (double x);
Natural Logarithm of
x
Double log10 (double x);
Base-10 Logarithm of
x
Double Pow (Double X, Double Y);
x raised to power
y
Double SQRT (Double X);
Square root of
x
Double CEIL (Double X);
Smallst Integer Not Less Than
x
Double Floor (double x);
Largest Integer Not Greater Than
x
Double Fabs (double x);
Absolute value of
x
Double LDEXP (Double X, INT N);
x Times 2 To The Power
n
Double frexp (double x, int * eXP);
IF
X Non-Zero, Returns Value, with Absolute Value In Interval [1/2, 1), And Assigns To
* EXP INTEGER Such That Product of Return Value and 2 raised to the power
* EXP Equals
x; if
X Zero, Both Return Value and
* EXP Are Zero
Double MODF (double x, double * ip);
Returns Fractional Part and Assigns To
* ip integral part of
X, Both with Same Sign AS
x
Double FMOD (double x, double y);
IF
Y Non-Zero, Floating-Point RemainDer of
X / Y, with Same Sign AS
x; if
Y Zero, Result Is Implementation-Defined
Double sin (double x);
Sine of
x
Double Cos (Double X);
Cosine of
x
Double Tan (Double X);
Tangent of
x
Double asin (double x);
Arc-sine of
x
Double ACOS (Double X);
ARC-COSINE OF
x
Double Atan (double x);
Arc-tangent of
x
Double Atan2 (Double Y, Double X);
Arc-tangent of
Y / x
Double Sinh (Double X);
Hyperbolic Sine of
x
Double Cosh (double x);
Hyperbolic cosine of
x
Double Tanh (double x);
Hyperbolic Tangent of
x
[Contents]
JMP_BUF
Type of Object Holding Context Information
INT setjmp (jmp_buf env);
SAVES Context Information in
Env and returns zero. Subsequent Call To
Longjmp with same
ENV RETURNS NON-ZERO.
Void longjmp (JMP_BUF ENV, INT VAL);
RESTORES Context Saved by Most Recent Call To
SetJMP with specified
ENV. EXECUTION RESUMES AS A SECOND RETURN FROM
SetJMP, with returned value
Val if specified value non-zero, or 1 Otherwise.
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Sigabrt
Abnormal Termination
SIGFPE
Arithmetic Error
SIGILL
INVALID EXECUTION
Sigint
(asynchronous) intective attention
Sigsegv
Illegal Storage Access
Sigterm
(asynchronous) Termination request
SIG_DFL
Specifies Default Signal Handling
SIG_ERR
Signal Return Value INDICATION Error
SIG_IGN
Specifies That Signal Should BE IGNORED
Void (* Signal (int SIGNAL) (INT))
Install Handler for Subsequent Signal
SIG. IF
Handler IS
SIG_DFL, IMPLEMENTATION-Defined Default Behaviour Will BE Used; if
SIG_IGN, SIGNAL WILL BE IGNORED; OtherWise Function Pointed to by
Handler Will Be Invoked with argument
Sig. in the last copy, handling is
Restored to Default Behaviour Before
Handler is caled. if
Handler Returns, Execution Resumes Where Signal Occurred.
Signal Returns the Previous Handler OR
SIG_ERR ON Error. Initial State Is Implementation-Defined. Implementations May May Define Signals Additional To Those Listed Here.
int Raise; INT SIG
Sends Signal
SIG. RETURNS ZERO ON SUCCESS.
[Contents]
VA_LIST
Type of Object Holding Context Information
Void va_start (VA_LIST AP, LASTARG);
Initialisation Macro Which Must Be Called Once Before Any Unnamed Argument IS Accessed. Stores Context Information in
AP.
Lastarg is The last named parameter of the function.
TYPE VA_ARG (VA_LIST AP, TYPE);
Yields Value of the Type
TYPE) AND value of the next unnamed argument.
Void va_end (VA_LIST AP);
Termination Macro Which Must Be Called ONCE AFTER ARGUMENT Processing and Before Exit from function.
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NULL
Null Pointer Constant.
Offsetof (Stype, M)
Offset (in Bytes) of MEMBER
M from Start of Structure Type
STYPE.
PTRDIFF_T
Type for Objects Declared to Store Result of Subtracting Pointers.
Size_T
Type for Objects Declared to Store Result of
Sizeof operator.
[Contents]
BUFSIZ
Size of buffer buy by
setbuf.
EOF
Value use to indeicate end-of-stream or to report an error.
FILENAME_MAX
Maximum Length Required for array of characters to hold a filename.
FOPEN_MAX
Maximum Number of Files Which May Be Open Simultaneously.
L_tmpnam
Number of Characters Required for Temporary FileName Generated By
TMPNAM.
NULL
Null Pointer Constant.
Seek_cur
Value for
Origin Argument To
FSeek Specifying Current File Position.
Seek_end
Value for
Origin Argument To
FSeek Specifying end of file.
Seek_set
Value for
Origin Argument To
FSeek Specifying Beginning OF File.
TMP_MAX
Minimum Number of Unique filenames generated by calls to
TMPNAM.
_Iofbf
Value for
Mode Argument To
Setvbuf specifying full buffering.
_Iofbf
Value for
Mode Argument To
Setvbuf specifying line buffering.
_Iofbf
Value for
Mode Argument To
Setvbuf specifying no buffering.
stdin
File Pointer for Standard Input Stream. Automatic Or Opened When Program Execution Begins.
STDOUT
File Pointer for Standard Output Stream. Automatic Or Opened When Program Execution Begins.
Stderr
File Pointer for Standard Error Stream. Automatic Or Opened When Program Execution Begins.
File
Type of Object Holding Information Necessary to Control a stream.
FPOS_T
Type for Objects Declared to Store File Position Information.
Size_T
Type for Objects Declared to Store Result of
Sizeof operator.
FILE * FOPEN (Const Char * FileName, Const Char * Mode); Opens File Named
Filename and returns a stream, or
Null on failure.
Mode May Be One of the Following for Text Files:
"r"
Text reading
"w"
TEXT WRITING
"a"
TEXT APPEND
"r "
Text Update (Reading and Writing)
"w "
Text Update, Discarding Previous Content (if any)
"a "
TEXT APPEND, ATING, And Writing At end
O Ooney of Those strings with
B INCLUDED (After the first character), for binary files.
File * Freopen (Const Char * FileName, Const Char * Mode, File * Stream);
Closes file associated with
Stream, Then Opens file
FileName with specified mode and associates it with
Stream. Returns
Stream or
Null On Error.
INT fflush (file * stream);
Flushes stream
Stream and returns zero on success
Eof on Error. Effect undefined for input stream.
Fflush (NULL) Flushes All Output streams.
Int fclose (file * stream);
Closes stream
Stream (After Flushing, IF Output Stream). Returns
Eof on Error, Zero Otherwise.
Int Remove (Const Char * filename);
Removes Specified File. Returns Non-Zero On Failure.
INT RENAME (Const Char * NEWNAME);
Changes Name of File
Oldname to
NEWNAME. RETURNS NON-ZERO ON FAILURE.
File * tmpfile ();
Creates Temporary File (MODE
"WB ") Which Will Be Removed When Closed or ON Normal Program Termination. Returns Stream OR
Null on failure.
Char * tmpname (char s [l_tmpnam]);
Assigns to
S (IF
S Non-null) and returns unique name for a Temporary File. Unique name is returned for Each of the first
TMP_MAX INVOCATIONS.
Int setvbuf (file * stream, char * buf, int mode, size_t size);
Controls Buffering for Stream
Stream.
Mode IS
_Iofbf for full buffering,
_Iolbf for line buffering,
_Ionbf for no buffering. Non-null
BUF Specifies Buffer of Size
Size to be used; Otherwise, a buffer is allocated. Returns Non-Zero On Error. Call Must Be Before Any Other Operation On Stream.
Void SetBuf (File * Stream, Char * BUF);
Controls Buffering for Stream
Stream. for null
BUF, Turns Off Buffering, Otherwise Equivalent To
(void) Setvbuf (stream, buf, _iofbf, bufsiz).
Int fprintf (file * stream, const char * format, ...);
Converts (According to Format
Format) and Writes Output to Stream
Stream. Number of Characters Written, or NEGATIVE VALUE ON Error, IS RETURNED. Conversion Specifications Consist of:
% (OPTIONAL) FLAG:
-
Left adjust
Always Sign
Space
Space if no sign
0
Zero Pad
#
Alternate Form: for Conversion Character
O, First Digit Will BE ZERO, FOR [
XX], prefix
0x or
0x to Non-Zero Value, FOR [
EEFGG], Always Decimal Point, FOR [
GG] Trailing Zeros Not Removed.
(Optional) minimum width: if specified as *, value taken from next argument (which must be int) (optional) (separating width from precision):.. (Optional) precision: for conversion character s, maximum characters to be printed from the string, for [eEf], digits after decimal point, for [gG], significant digits, for an integer, minimum number of digits to be printed. If specified as *, value taken from next argument (which must be int). (Optional) Length Modifier:
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Short OR
Unsigned short
l
Long OR
Unsigned long
L
Long Double
Conversion Character:
D, I
INT Argument, Printed in Signed Decimal Notation
o
INT Argument, Printed in unsigned Octal Notation
x, x
INT Argument, Printed in unsigned Hexadecimal NotaNe
U
INT Argument, Printed in unsigned Decimal Notation
c
INT Argument, Printed As Single Characters
Char * argument
fly
Double Argument, Printed with Format [
-]
mmm
.
DDD
e, e
Double Argument, Printed with Format [
-]
M
.
DDDDDD (
E |
E)
|
-)
xx
g, g
Double Argument
p
Void * Argument, Printed As Pointer
n
INT * argument: the number of character of character of character of characters Written to this point is written
Into argument
%
NO argument; prints%
INT Printf (const char * format, ...);
Printf (f, ...) is equivalent to
FPrintf (stdout, f, ...)
INT Sprintf (Char * S, Const Char * Format, ...);
Like
FPrintf, But Output Written Into String
S, Which
Must Be Large Enough To Hold The Output, Rather Than To A Street. Output IS
Nul-Terminated. Returns Length (Excluding the Terminating)
NUL).
Int Vfprintf (file * stream, const char * format, va_list arg);
Equivalent to
FPrintf with variable argument list replaced by
Arg, Which Must Have Been Initialiad by the
VA_Start Macro (and May Have Been Used in Calls To
VA_ARG).
INT VPrintf (const char * format, va_list arg);
Equivalent to
Printf with variable argument list replaced by
Arg, Which Must Have Been Initialiad by the
VA_Start Macro (and May Have Been Used in Calls To
VA_ARG).
INT vsprintf (char * s, const char * format, va_list arg);
Equivalent to
Sprintf with variable argument list replaced by
Arg, Which Must Have Been Initialiad by the
VA_Start Macro (and May Have Been Used in Calls To
VA_ARG).
Int fscanf (file * stream, const char * format, ...);
Performs Formatted Input Conversion, Reading from Stream
Stream According to Format
Format. The function returns.
Format is fully processed. Returns Number of items Converted and assigned, or
EOF if end-of-file or error opcurs before any converness. Each of the arguments stockingformat
Must be a Pointer. Format String May Contain:
Blanks and Tabs, Which Are Ignored Ordinary Characters, Which Are Expected to Match Next Non-White-Space of Input Conversion Specifications, Consisting of:
% (optional) Assignment Suppression Character "*" Maximum Field Width (Optional) Target Width Indicator:
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Argument is Pointer To
Short Rather Than
int
l
Argument is Pointer To
Long Rather Than
Int, or
Double Rather Than
Float
L
Argument is Pointer To
Long Double Rather Than
Float
Conversion Character:
di
Decimal integer;
INT * Parameter Required
i
Integer;
INT * Parameter Required; Decimal, Octal or HEX
o
Octal integer;
INT * Parameter Required
U
UNSIGNED DECIMAL INTEGER;
Unsigned int * parameter Required
x
HEXADECIMAL INTEGER;
INT * Parameter Required
c
CHARACTERS;
Char * parameter required; White-Space is not Skipped, And
Nul-Termination is not performed
s
String of non-white-space;
Char * parameter required; string is
Nul-Terminated
E, F, G
FLOATING-POINT NUMBER;
FLOAT * Parameter Required
p
Pointer Value;
Void * parameter required
n
Chars read so far;
INT * Parameter Required
[...]
LONGEST NON-Empty String from Specified Set;
Char * parameter required; string is
Nul-Terminated
[^ ...]
LONGEST NON-EMPTY STRING NOT from Specified Set;
Char * parameter required; string is
Nul-Terminated
%
Literal
%; no assignment
Int scanf (const char * format, ...);
Scanf (f, ...) Is Equivalent To
Fscanf (stdin, f, ...)
INT SSCANF (Char * S, Const Char * Format, ...);
Like
Fscanf, But INPUT READ from String
s.
INT FGETC (FILE * stream);
Returns Next Character from (Input) stream
Street, or
EOF on end-of-file or error.
Char * fgets (char * s, int n, file * stream);
COPIES CHARACTERS from (Input) stream
Street to
S, Stopping When
N-1 CHARACTERS COPIED, Newline Copied, End-of-file reached or error ivus. if no error,
S IS
Nul-Terminated. Returns
Null on end-of-file or error,
s Otherwise.
int
FPUTC (INT C, File * stream);
Writes
c, to stream
Stream. Returns
C, or
EOF on error.
Char * fputs (const char * s, file * stream);
Writes
S, To (Output) stream stream. Returns Non-Negative on Success OR
EOF on error.
INT GETC (File * stream);
Equivalent to
FGetc Except That It May Be a Macro.
INT getchar (void);
Equivalent to
Getc (stdin).
Char * gets (char * s);
COPIES CHARACTERS from
Stdin Into
S Until newline Encountered, End-of-file reached, or error occurs. Does Not Copy Newline.
Nul-Terminates
s. Returns
s, or
Null on end-of-file or error.
SHOULD NOT BE Used Because of The Potential for Buffer overflow.
INT PUTC (INT C, FILE * stream);
Equivalent to
FPUTC EXCEPT That It May Be a Macro.
INT PUTCHAR (INT C);
Putchar (c) Is Equivalent To
PUTC (C, STDOUT).
INT PUTS (Const Char * S);
Writes
Excluding Terminating
NUL) and a newline to
Stdout. Returns Non-Negative on Success,
EOF on error.
INT UNGETC (INT C, File * stream);
Pushes
C (Which Must Not Be
EOF), ONTO (Input) stream
Stream Such That It Will Be Returned by the next read. Only One Character of Pushback IS Guaranteed (for Each Stream). Returns
C, or
EOF on error.
SIZE_T FREAD (Void * PTR, SIZE_T SIZE, SIZE_T NOBJ, FILE * STREAM);
READS (at MOST)
Nobj Objects of Size
Size from stream
Stream Into
PTR and return Number of Objects Read.
Feof and
Ferror can be used to check status.)
Size_T FWRITE (const void * ptr, size_t size, size_t nobj, file * stream); Writes to Stream
Stream,
Nobj Objects of Size
Size from array
Ptr. Returns Number of Objects Written.
INT FSEEK (File * Street, Int Origin);
Sets File Position for Stream
Stream and clears end-of-file indicator. for a binary stream, file position is set to
Offset bytes from the position indeicated by
Origin: Beginning Of File for
Seek_set, Current Position for
Seek_cur, or end of file for
Seek_end. Behaviour Is Similar for a Text Stream, But
Offset must be zero or, for
Seek_set only, a value returned by
Ftell. Returns Non-Zero On Error.
Long Ftell (File * Stream);
Returns Current File Position for Stream
Street, or
-1 on error.
Void Rewind (file * stream);
Equivalent to
FSeek (stream, 0l, seek_set); Clearerr (Stream).
INT FGETPOS (file * stream, fpos_t * ptr);
Store Current File Position for Stream
Stream in
* ptr. Returns Non-Zero On Error.
INT FSETPOS (File * Stream, Const fpos_t * PTR);
Sets Current Position of Stream
Street to
* ptr. Returns Non-Zero On Error.
Void Clearerr (File * Stream);
CLEARS END-OF-File and Error Indicators for Stream
Stream.
INT Feof (File * Stream);
Returns Non-Zero if End-of-File Indicator Is Set for Stream
Stream.
INT FERROR (File * stream);
Returns Non-Zero if Error Indicator Is Set for Stream
Stream.
Void Perror (const char * s);
PRINTS
s (if non-null) and
STRERROR (Errno) To Standard Error As Would:
FPRINTF (stderr, "% s:% s / n", (s! = null? s: "), strerror (errno))
[Contents]
EXIT_FAILURE
Value for
Status argument to
EXIT INDICATING FAILURE.
EXIT_SUCCESS
Value for
Status argument to
EXIT INDICATING SUCCESS.
RAND_MAX
Maximum value returned byrand ().
NULL
Null Pointer Constant.
DIV_T
Return Type of
Div (). Structure Having MEMBERS:
Int quot;
Quotient
Int Rem;
Remainder
LDIV_T
Return Type of
LDIV (). Structure Having MEMBERS:
Long quot;
Quotient
Long Rem;
Remainder
Size_T
Type for Objects Declared to Store Result of
Sizeof operator.
INT ABS (INT N);
Long Labs (long n);
Returns Absolute Value of
N.
Div_t Div (int Num, int DENOM);
LDIV_T LDIV (Long Num, long Denom);
Returns Quotient and Remainder of
Num / denom.
Double ATOF (const char * s);
Equivalent to
Strtod (s, (char **) NULL) Except That
Errno is Not Necessarily Set on Conversion Error.
INT ATOI (const char * s);
Equivalent to
(int) STRTOL (s, (char **) NULL, 10) Except That
Errno is Not Necessarily Set on Conversion Error.
Long atol (const char * s);
Equivalent to
Strtol (s, (char **) NULL, 10) Except That
Errno is Not Necessarily Set on Conversion Error.
Double Strtod (Const Char * S, Char ** ENDP);
Converts Initial Characters (Ignoring Leading White Space)
s Type
Double. IF
ENDP NON-NULL, Stores Pointer to Unconverted SUFFIX IN
* Endp. on overflow, sets
Errno to
ERANGE AND RETURNS
Hue_val with the appropriate sign; on underflow, sets
Errno to
ERANGE AND RETURNS ZERO; OtherWise Returns Converted Value.
Long Strtol (const char * s, char ** endp, int base);
Converts Initial Characters (Ignoring Leading White Space)
s Type
Long. if
ENDP NON-NU LL, Stores Pointer to Unconverted SUFFIX IN
* ENDP. IF
Base Between 2 and 36, That Base Used for Conversion; if Zero, Leading (after ANY SIGN)
0x or
0x Implies Hexadecimal, Leading
0 (after any sign) Implies Octal, OtherWise Decimal AssuMed. Leading
0x or
0x Permitted for Base Hexadecimal. On overflow, setserrno to
ERANGE AND RETURNS
Long_max or
Long_min (AS Appropriate for Sign); OtherWise Returns Converted Value.
Unsigned long start (const char * s, char **);
As for
Strtol Except Result IS
Unsigned long and value on overflow is
Ulong_max.
Void * Calloc (size_t nobj, size_t size);
Returns Pointer To
Zero-Initialiad Newly-Allocated Space for An Array of
Nobj Objects Each of Size
Size, OR
Null On Error.
Void * malloc (size_t size);
Returns Pointer To
Uninitialiad newly-allocated space for an Object of size
Size, OR
Null On Error.
Void * Realloc (void * p, size_t size);
Returns Pointer to Newly-Allocated Space for An Object of Size
Size, Initialiad, To Minimum of Old and New Sizes, To EXISTING CONTENTS OF
p (if Non-null), OR
Null On Error. On success, Old Object Deallocated, OtherWise Unchanged.
Void Free (void * p);
IF
P Non-Null, DEAllocates Space to Which it Points.
Void Abort ();
Terminates Program Abnormal, by Calling
Raise (Sigabrt).
Void exit; Int status;
Terminates Program Normally. Functions Installed Using
Atexit Are Called (In Reverse Order To That In Which Installed), Open Files Are Flushed, Open Streams Are Closed and Control Is Returned to Environment.
STATUS IS RETURNED TO ENVIRONMENT IN IMPLEMENTATION-Dependent Manner. ZERO OR
EXIT_SUCCESS INDICES SUCCESSFUL TERMINATION AND
EXIT_FAILURE INDICATES UNSUCCESSFUL TERMINATION. Implementations May Define Other Values.
INT ATEXIT (Void (* fcm) (void);
Registers
FCN to Be Called When Program Terminates Normally (or when
Main returns. Returns Non-Zero On Failure.
Int system (const char * s);
IF
S is not
Null, Passs
S TO Environment For Execution, And Returns Status Reported by Command Processor; IFS IS
NULL, NON-ZERO RETURNED IF ENVIRONMENT HAS A Command Processor.
Char * getenv (const char * name);
Returns string associated with name
Name from Implementation's Environment, OR
Null if no claim string exists.
Void * bsearch (const void * key, const void * base, size_t n, size_t size, int (* cmp) (const void * dam);
Searches Ordered Array
Base
N Objects Each of Size
Size) for item matching
Key According to Comparison Function
CMP.
CMP Must Return Negative Value if First Argument is Less Than Second, ZERO IF Equal and Positive IF Greater. Items of
Base Are Assumed to Be in Ascending Order (According To
CMP). Returns a Pointer to An Item Matching
Key, OR
Null if none found.
Void Qsort (void * base, size_t n, size_t size, int (* cmp) (const void *, const void *);
Arrange Into Ascending Order Array
Base
N Objects Each of Size
Size) According to Comparison Function
CMP.
CMP Must Return NEGATIVE VALUE IF FIRST Argument is Less Than Second, ZERO IF Equal and Positive if Greater.
Int rand (void);
Returns Pseudo-Random Number in Range
0 TO
RAND_MAX.
Void Srand (unsigned int seed);
Uses
SEED AS SED for New Sequence of Pseudo-Random Numbers. Initial Seed IS
1.
[Contents]
NULL
Null Pointer Constant.
Size_T
Type for Objects Declared to Store Result of
Sizeof operator.
Char * STRCPY (Char * S, Const Char * CT);
COPIES
Ct to
s incruding terminating
Nul and returns
s.
Char * STRNCPY (Char * S, Const Char * CT, SIZE_T N);
COPIES AT MOST
N Characters of
Ct to
S. Pads with
Nul Characters IF
CT Is of Length Less Than
N.
Note That this May Leave S without Nul-Termination. Returns.
Char * STRCAT (CHAR * S, Const Char * CT);
Concatenate
Ct to
S and return
s.
Char * strncat (char * s, const char * ct, size_t n);
Concatenate At Most
N Characters of
Ct to
s.
Nul-Terminates
S AND RETURN IT.
INT strcmp (const char * cs, const char * ct);
Compares
CS with
CT, Returning Negative Value IF
CS CS == CT, Positive Value IF CS> CT. INT STRNCMP (Const Char * CS, Const Char * CT, SIZE_T N); Compares At Most (THE FIRST) N Characters of CS and CT, Returning Negative Value IF CS CS == CT, Positive Value IF CS> CT. INT STRCOLL (Const Char * CS, Const Char * CT); Compares CS with Ct According to Locale, Returning Negative Value IF CS CS == CT, Positive Value IF CS> CT. Char * strchr (const char * cs, int C); Returns Pointer to First Occurrence of C in CS, OR NULL IF NOT FOUND. Char * strrchr (const char * cs, int C); Returns Pointer to Last Occurrence of C in CS, OR NULL IF NOT FOUND. SIZE_T STRSPN (Const Char * CS, Const Char * CT); Returns Length of Prefix Of CS Which Consists of Characters Which Are in CT. SIZE_T STRCSPN (Const Char * CS, Const Char * CT); Returns Length of Prefix Of Cs Which Consists of Characters Which Are NOT IN CT. Char * Strpbrk (const char * cs, const char * ct); Returns Pointer to First Occurrence in CS of any character of CT, OR Null if none is found. Char * strsTr (const char * cs, const char * ct); Returns Pointer to First Occurrence of CT Within CS, OR Null if none is found. SIZE_T STRLEN (Const Char * CS); Returns Length of CS. CHAR * STRERROR (INT N); Returns Pointer to Implementation-Defined Message String Corresponding with Error N. Char * Strtok (Char * S, Const Char * T); Searches S for next token delimited by Any Character from Ct. Non- NULL S Idicates The First Call of A Sequence. if a token is found, IT IS Nul-Terminated and Returned, Otherwise Null is returned. CT NEED NOTE BE Identical for Each Call in a Sequence. SIZE_T STRXFRM (Char * S, Const Char * CT, SIZE_T N); Stores in S No More Than n characters (including terminating) NUL) OF A String Produced from Ct According to a local-specific Transformation. Returns Length of Entire Transformed String. Void * Memcpy (Void * S, Const Void * CT, SIZE_T N); COPIES n characters from Ct to S and returns s. S May BE Corrupted if Objects overlap. Void * Memmove (Void * S, Const void * CT, SIZE_T N); COPIES n characters from Ct to S and returns s. s Will NOT BE CORRUPTED IF Objects overlap. INT MEMCMP (Const Void * CS, Const Void * CT, SIZE_T N); Compares At Most (THE FIRST) N Characters of CS and CT, Returning Negative Value IF CS CS == CT, Positive Value IF CS> CT. Void * Memchr (Const Void * CS, INT C, SIZE_T N); Returns Pointer to First Occurrence of C in first N Characters of CS, OR NULL IF NOT FOUND. Void * MEMSET (Void * S, INT C, SIZE_T N); Replace Each of the First N Characters of s by C and returns s. [Contents] Clocks_Per_Sec The Number of Clock_t units per second. NULL Null Pointer Constant. Clock_T An Arithmetic Type Elapsed Processor Repesenting Time. Time_t An Arithmetic Type Repensenting Calendar Time. Struct TM Represents The Components of Calendar Time: INTTM_SEC; Seconds after the minute INTTM_MIN; Minutes instator INTTM_HOUR; Hours Since Midnight INTTM_MDAY; Day of the month INTTM_MON; MONTHS Since January INTTM_YEAR; Years Since 1900 INTTM_WDAY; Days Since Sunday INTTM_YDAY; Days Since January 1 INTTM_ISDST; Daylight Saving Time Flag: IS Positive IF DST IS IN Effect, Zero If Not In Effect, Negative IF Information Not know. Implementations May Change Field ORDER AND INCLUDE ADDITILDS. Clock_t clock (void); Returns Elapsed Processor Time Used by Program OR -1 IF not available. Time_t Time (Time_t * TP); Returns Current Calendar Time OR -1 if not available. IF TP is non Null, Return Value Is Also Assigned To * TP. Double DiffTime (Time_t Time2, Time_t Time1); Returns the Difference In Seconds Between Time2 and TIME1. Time_t mktime (struct TM * TP); If Necessary, Adjusts Fields of * TP to Fall WITHING NORMAL RANGES. RETURns The Corresponding Calendar Time, OR -1 if it cannot be represented. Char * asctime (const struct tm * tp); Returns the Given Time As a string of the form: Sun Jan 3 13:08:42 1988 / N / 0 Char * ctime (const time_t * tp); Returns String Equivalent to Calendar Time TP Converted to Local Time. Equivalent TO: Asctime (localtime (tp)) StructTM * GMTIME (const time_t * tp); Returns Calendar Time * TP Converted to Coordinated Universal Time, OR Null if not available. StructTM * localtime (const time_t * tp); Returns Calendar Time * TP Converted INTO LOCAL TIME. SIZE_T STRFTIME (CHAR * S, SIZE_T SMAX, Const Char * FMT, Const Struct TM * TP); Formats * TP INTO S According To FMT. Places no more Than SMAX Characters INTO S, and return Number of Characters Product (Excluding Terminating) NUL), OR 0 if Greater Than SMAX. Formatting Conversions % C) Are: A Name of weekday a Abbreviated Name of Weekday B Name of Month B Abbreviated Name of Monthc Local Date and Time Repesentation di Day of month 01- 31] Hide Hour (24-Hour Clock) [ 00- twenty three] I Hour (12-Hour Clock) [ 01- 12] j Day of year [ 001- 366] M MINUTE [ 00- 59] M Month [ 01- 12] p Local Equivalent of " AM "OR" PM " S SECOND [ 00- 61] U Week Number of Year (Sunday As 1st Day Of Wear) [ 00- 53] W Week Number of Year (Monday As 1st Day Of Wear) [ 00- 53] w Weekday (Sunday AS) 0) 0- 6] X Local Time Repesentation x Local Date Repesentation Y Year with Century y Year without century [ 00- 99] Z Name (if any) of time zone % % Local Time MAY DIFFER from Calendar Time Because of Time Zone. [Contents] RLR
