Genetics is the genetic and variation of biology, that is, the biological branch disciplines studying the different biological branches. The name of this discipline is the first proposed by Benterson, Benterson, in 1909.
Genetics development brief history
Humanities have been domesticated and cultivated in the Neolithic Age, and then people have gradually learned the method of improving the plant variety. Spanish scholar Jacoumelira described grafting technology in the book written by the "Crop", in about 60 years, and also records several wheat varieties. During the 533-544, Chinese scholars were discussed in the book of "Qi people to force" books, and the breeding of various crops, vegetables, fruit trees, bamboo and wood, and special records of the grafting of fruit trees, the breeding of saplings, Castration of poultry, livestock. The activities of modified varieties have never been interrupted later.
Based on these activities, many people try to clarify the genetic law between the parent and hybrid agents, but they have not been successful. Until 1866, the Austrian scholar Mendel published the "plant hybrid test" according to his pea hybrid experiment, revealing the genetic law of the law of the law, and laid the foundation of Genetics.
Mendel's work has received attention until the 20th century. In the late 19th century, in biology, research on cell division, chromosome behavior and fertilization process and the understanding of genetic substances, promoted the development of genetics.
From 1875 to 1884, Germany anatomy and cytologist Fletmin were in animals, German botany and cytologist Strasberg were discovered by mitosis, decancing, chromosome in plants in plants. Longitudinal splitting, and the tendency to tend to the division; Belgian zoologist Benenenden also observes the alien chromosome containing alomepters in each body cell of the horse; German zoologist Hetvich in animals, Trasberg found a fertilized phenomenon in plants. These findings have laid the foundation for genetically inherited dyeing.
About the genetic substance foundation has always speculated. For example, 1864 British philosopher Screwset is active; 1868 British biologist Darwin called Micrudidal; 1884 Swiss Botanical Scholar is a henasy; 1889 Dutch scholar Derfri It is called the generals; 1883 German zoologist Weisman said it is genia. In fact, Weissman said is no longer simple to speculate, he has indicated that the chromosome of reproductive cells is germplasm, and it is clear that the regionality and physical fitness, and it is believed that the germ can affect the body, and the body cannot Impact germplasm, in theory, the road has opened up roads.
Mendel 's work in 1900 for D delres, German plant genetics Coronus and Austrian plant genetist Cherrugamark three scholars. From 1900 to 1910, in addition to the genetic in the plant in the plants, the genetics of chickens, mice, guinea pigs, etc. in the plants were in accordance with Mendel's law, and some basic concepts of genetics were established; 1909 Danish plant physiologists and genetics Johnnsen said Genetically genetic factors in Mendel-style genetics, and clearly distinguishable genotypes and phenotypes. In the same year, Betesson also created the terms such as alleles, hybrids, homogeneous materials, and published representative book "The Genetic Principles of Mendel".
From 1910 to now, the development of genetics can be roughly divided into three periods: cell genetic period, microbial genetic period and molecular genetic period.
The cell genetic period is roughly from 1910 to 1940, which can publish from the American genetic and developmental biologist Mooregen in 1910 on the beginning of Drosophila, by 1941, American genetics Bidel and American biochemier Tatm issued the results of the nutrient defective aspects of stream of stream.
During this period, hereditary staining studies were established through the study of genetics and chromosome behavior. Although the US genetics Mal and Stadler were found in the animal and plants in the animal and plants in the animal and plants in this period, there was no progress in the study of gene mutation mechanisms. The important results of the genetic mechanism research are almost limited to the genetic research of animal and plant pigments.
The microbial genetic period is roughly from 1940 to 1960, from 1941, Bidel and Tatm issued the results of the study of the colored colony, from 1960 to 1961, the French molecular genetics Jacob and Mono issued E. coli manipulator said. During this period, microorganisms were used as the original role, fine structure, chemical nature, mutation mechanism, and bacterial gene reorganization, gene regulation, etc., which have achieved uncomfortable results in high-graphic plants in research genes. The basic theory of genetics. From 1900 to 1910, people only recognized that Mendel's law is widely applied to the work of high-grade plants and microbial genetics, which makes people recognize that the basic laws of genetics apply to all organisms including people and phage.
Molecular Genetics During the 1963 American Molecular Biologist Watson and British Molecular Biologist Krik proposed DNA twinkle, the triump mode started, but only achieved some achievements in DNA molecular structure and replication, Genetic passwords, mRNA, TRNA, ribosome function, etc., almost all in the 1960s.
Molecular genetics are developed on the basis of microbial genetics and biochemistry. The basic research work of molecular genetics is microorganism, especially E. coli and its phage as a research material; some of its important concepts such as gene and protein linear correspondence, gene regulation, etc. are also from microbial genetics. Molecular Genetics have gradually developed in eukaryotic biology after obtaining many of the above achievements in the prokaryotic field.
The positive image of cell genetics has promoted the development of group genetics and evolutionary sects, and molecular genetics has also promoted the development of other genetics branch disciplines. The genetic engineering is developed on the basis of bacterial plasmid and pharmaceutical and restriction endozyme, which can not only be used in various aspects of labor, agriculture, and doctors, but also further promote molecular genetics and other genetics branches. Research.
Immunology is extremely important in medicine, has a very long history. According to a gene, a biological can produce countless types of immunoglobulin, which is a molecular genetic problem. Since Australian immunologist Bernate proposed a cloning choice study in 1959, the immune mechanism attracted many genetics. At present, immune generatics is both one of the more active areas in genetics, and is one of the active areas of molecular genetics.
The other two rapidly developed genetics branches in the era of molecular genetics are human genetics and somatic genetics. Since the means of microbial genetics research, genetics can be carried out through highly cultivated somatic cells without reproductive cells, and the study of human genetics is rapidly developed. Regardless of the object of the study, genetics research in the use of tissue culture is part of somatic genetics. The study of human genetic studies is widely used in somatic genetic methods. On the other hand, it is also more increasingly applying molecular genetics, such as the genetic engineering method to establish human gene libraries and separately separate specific genes. .
Many genetics branches have adopted molecular genetics, especially recombinant DHA technologies. Even the genetic research of the group is also affected by molecular genetics, the molecular evolution field in the evolutionary studies is an example.
Genetics basic content
Genetic research scope includes the essence of genetic substances, three aspects of transmission of genetic material and genetic information. The essence of genetic material includes its chemical nature, it includes genetic information, structure, tissue and variation, etc .; transmission of genetic substances includes replication of genetic substances, chromosome behavior, genetic law, and gene in groups in groups. Waiting; the implementation of genetic information includes the original function of the gene, the genetic interaction, the regulation of gene effects, and the mechanism of mechanism of genes in individual development.
The parent-child concept in genetics is not limited to parent children or a family, and can also extend to groups including many families, which is the research object of group genetics. The parent-child concept in genetics can also be cellular, and the varying cells can maintain some genetic properties of individuals, such as certain enzymes. Genetics research on exile cultured cells belong to somatic genetics. The parent-child concepts in genetics can also be expanded to DNA DNA Copy and even mRNA transcription, which is a topic of molecular genetics research.
A fertilized egg produces countless sub-cells having the same genetic composition by migrate, and how they differentiate into different organizations is an genetics, and research on this aspect is genetics. Immunosic cells produced by a fertilized egg can produce a variety of antibody spherum, which is also a problem in genetics, and its research is immunological.
From phage to people, there is a fundamental genetic and variant law of the biological industry, so genetics are not in principle bio-objective branches in research. The division of human genetics is because the student's genetics is closely related to human happiness, while the class profile analysis and born law, etc. are almost limited to human genetic research.
The division of microbial genetics is because the system of microorganisms is very different from high-graphic plants, and therefore, special methods must be studied. In addition, there is also a branch discipline, such as poultry genetic, cotton genetic, rice synthesis, etc. due to production significance.
More genetics branch disciplines are divided according to the problems studied. For example, cell genetics is a combination of cytology and genetics; genetics research is genetic control of individual development; behavioral research is the genetic foundation of behavior; immunoreatic research is the genetic basis of immune mechanism; Radiation genetics specialize in the genetic effects of radiation; drug genetics specialize in genetic laws and material foundations for drug reactions, and so on.
The disciplines of genetics research from the perspective of the group have group genetics, ecological genetics, number genetics, evolutionary genetics. The relationship between these disciplines is close, and the boundaries are difficult to divide. The common mathematical method of group genetics study the dynamics of genes in groups, study genetic mutations, natural selection, group size, mating system, migration and migration and other factors on gene frequency and gene balance in groups; ecological genetics research It is a genetics foundation that is biological and biological, as well as the mutual adaptation or influence of biology and environments, often combining field work and laboratory work to study polymorphism, mode, etc., to verify the conclusions in the study of group genetics; The research contents include the origin of life, genetic substances, genetic passwords, and the evolution of genetic institutions, and genetic foundations of species formation. The study of species is also closely related to group genetics and ecological genetics.
From the perspective of application, medical genetics is a branch of human genetics. It studies the genetic law and essence of hereditary diseases; clinical genetics study the diagnosis and prevention of genetic diseases; Quality academic principles are improved human genetics Application of Quality. The main research objects of genetic or quantity genetics are quantitative, and most economic traits of crops and livestock are quantitative, so they are the theoretical foundation of animal and plant breeding.
Hybrid is one of the most common means of genetics research, so the length of the life cycle and the size of the body is the factors that choose genetics research materials. Drosophila in insects, mice and in mice in mammals and the bornoma in seed plants are due to short life cycles and materials that are often used as genetics research. Escherichia coli and its phage are often common materials in molecular genetics.
Biochemical methods are almost universally adopted for the research institute of any genetics, and more necessary for molecular genetics. Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering technology in molecular genetics has gradually become a powerful tool in genetics research.
Relationship between genetics and other disciplines and its application
The relationship between genetics and biochemistry is closest, and there is a close relationship between many other biological branch disciplines. For example, the relationship between genetics and developmental biology; the relationship between behavioral genetics is the relationship between biology; the relationship between ecological genetics is equivalent to ecology. In addition, there is a close relationship between genetics and stems, but not only because of the use of DNA base components and chromosomes, but also because the essence of species must also be understood from the perspective of genetics.
Each biological branch discipline studied the structure and function of the various levels of the organisms, these structures and functions are all the results of genetic and environmental interactions, so many disciplines are difficult to leave the legacy in concepts and methods. For example, the mechanism of hormones and the immune response mechanism have always been seen as physiological problems with genetics that have no direct relationship, but now it is known that the former and gene activation is related to the selection of different immunoactive cells in the body. Genetics developed on the basis of breeding practice. Before people's theoretical discussion of genetic laws and mechanisms, breeding work is limited to selection and hybridization. After the theoretical study of genetics, the means of breeding increases with the in-depth understanding of the essence of genetic and variation.
The United States applied hybrid advantage in the 1920s to obtain a significant increase in production effect in corn breeding; China successfully promoted this principle in the 1970s. The growth advantage of multiple bodies is also used in China, and the successful cultivation of small black wheat is a case. Artificial mutagenesis is also one of the breeding methods widely used. The results of the study of genetics and biological statistics have been applied to the operation, and the efficiency of breeding efficiency is improved. These are mainly applications in the study results of cytology.
In the early 1940s, the rise of antibiotics has promoted the development of microbial genetics, and the development of microbial genetics has promoted the improvement of antibiotics and other emerging fermentation industries. With the in-depth of microbial genetics, the principle of gene regulation is successfully applied to fermentation industries such as amino acids. In addition, the use of hybridization transduction, transformation, etc. also increases the means of breeding.
The development of somatic genetics in the 1970s further increased the means of breeding, including so-called haplotype and breeding of somatic mutagenesis and cell fusion. The application of these means will have a process that can greatly accelerate the process of breeding.
Genetics research is closely related to humans itself. Due to the development of human genetic research, especially the progress made in genetics and biochemical genetic methods, there are many understandings for genetic diseases, and there are many understandings of genetic diseases; prenatal diagnosis and infant hereditary disease diagnosis has gradually been gradually Promotion; drug treatment for certain hereditary diseases is also studying. Immunusica is the theoretical basis of medical practice such as tissue transplantation and blood transfusion; drug genetics and drugs have close relationships; toxic genetics are related to drug safety use and environmental protection. Genetic therapy in genetic disease is also explored by genetic engineering technology. Human genetics research is also the foundation of Qualitative.
Genetics study provides a series of methods for carcinogenic testing. Although the current treatment of cancer has not had a very effective way, it is a major progress in the environmental contamination of environmental pollution, which is effective in detecting carcinogenic substances in the environment. The tendency of cancer is genetically, the cause of cancer is related to DNA damage repair, in recent years, the discovery of cancer gene further illustrates the close relationship between cancer and genetic, so from long-term perspectives, genetics must be comprehensive control Cancer contribution.
